THE  MONUMENT  TO 

JOSEPH    WARREN 


THE    WARREN    MONUMENT, 


COMPLIMENTS     OF 


Henry  W.  Putnam 


TO/7 


MONUMENT 


TO 


Joseph  Warren 


ITS  ORIGIN,  HISTORY  AND  DEDICATION 


I  894-1904 


BOSTON 

Municipal  Printing  Office 

1905 


CONTENTS. 


PACK 

Preliminary  : 

Committee 11 

The  Gen/ealogy  of  Warren,  by  Henry  A.  May  .     .     .  13 

The  Facts  of  Warren's  Life,  by  Henry  A.  May    .     .  16 
The   Evolution   of   the   Warren   Monument,  by    Capt. 

Isaac  P.  Gragg 19 


The  Inscription  : 

Letter  to  Capt.  Isaac  P.  Gragg,  by  His  Honor  Mayor 

Collins 27 

Inscription  upon  the  Monument,  by  President  Charles 

W.  Eliot 28 


The  Dedication  : 

Speech,  by  the  Hon.  Charles  T.  Gallagher  ....  31 

Speech,  by  His  Honor  Mayor  ColUns 35 

Eulogy,  by  Henry  W.  Putnam 36 


The  Parade : 

Roster  of  Organizations  participating 65 

(5) 


The  Banquet : 

Banquet  at  Masonic  Temple 

Speech,  by  His  Excellency  Governor  Bates 
Speech,  by  His  Honor  Mayor  Collins  . 
Speech,  by  the  Hon.  Charles  S.  Hamlin  . 
Speech,  by  the  Hon.  Charles  T.  Gallagher 


73 
75 

78 
80 
85 


The  Exercises  at  the  Church  : 

The  Literary  Exercises 91 

The  Programme 92 

Introduction,  by  the  Rev.  James  de  Normandie,  D.D.,     93 

Oration,  by  the  Rev.  Edward  Anderson 97 

Address,  by  the  Rev.  Edward  Everett  Hale,  D.D.     .   107 


(6) 


LIST     OF     ILLUSTRATIONS. 


The  Warren  Monument Frontispiece. 

Portrait  of  Warren Facing  page     13 

The  Dedicatory   Exercises "  "       32 

Chief  Marshal  and   Staff "  "       65 

The  Bas-Relief  on  the  Warren  Monument       "  "       75 

Bunker  Hill  Monument "  "       93 

The  Old  House "  '•'     110 


0) 


PRELIMINARY. 


GENERAL  COMMITTEE. 


President. 
Solomon  A.  Bolster. 


Vice-Presidents. 

William  A.  Gaston,  Edwin  U.  Curtis,  John  D.  Williams, 

George  G.   Kennedy,  L.  Foster  ]\Iorse,  Nathan 

A.  M.  Dudley,  Charles  S.  Hamlin. 

Treastirer. 
Augustus  Bacon. 

Secretary. 
Charles  M.  Seaver. 

Assistant  Secretary. 
Sherwin  L.  Cook. 


Geo.  Z.  Adams, 
Horace  G.  Allen, 
John  Ballantyne, 
C.  Louis  Berger, 
I.  Austin  Bassett, 
Wilfred  Bolster, 
Fred.  E.  Bolton, 
Geo.  a.  Brackett, 
Ledru  J.  Brackett, 
John  A.  Brett, 
Frank  C.  Brownell, 
Augustus  P.  Calder, 
John  Cark, 
T.  W.  Carter, 
Salem  D.  Charles, 
William  C.  Collar, 


John  C.  Cook, 
Norman  P.  Cormack, 
Samuel  D.  Crafts, 
Frederick  a.  Cronin, 
Daniel  J.  Curley', 
William  O.  Curtis, 
John  Daniels, 
Frank  A.  Davidson, 
Charles  E.  Davis, 
Charles  G.  Davis, 
William  W.  Davis, 
James  de  Normandie, 
John  F.  Dever, 
Henry  S.  Dewey-, 
Charles  F.  Dole, 
Tileston  Dorr, 

(11) 


Charles  M.  Draper, 
Francis  M.  Edwards, 
George  R.  Emerson, 
Wm.  H.  Emery, 
Murdkcai  Farrar, 
Charles  M.  Faunce, 
Frank  Ferdinand, 
Arthur  H.  Frost, 
Joseph  H.  Frothingham, 
Charles  T.  Gallagher, 
Frank  L.  Gibson, 
Andrew  P.  Gilman, 
John  E.  Gilman, 
John  E.  Oilman,  Jr., 
Francis  A.  Gorham, 
William  B.  Gove, 


Isaac  P.  Graog, 
Oliver  D.  Greene, 

JAMSS  J.    HAINE9, 

Edward  Everett  Hai.e, 
Frank  G.  Haley, 
albert  W.  Hebsev, 
Frank  A.  Hewins, 
James  L.  Hilliard, 
Harry  M.  IIolbrook, 
Thomas  Hunt, 
Jediah  p.  Jordan, 
ROB'T  A.  Jordan, 
Wm.  H.  Kelly, 
Charles  H.  Kent, 
Jas.  F.  Killduff, 
Harvey  King, 
William  P.  Kittredoe, 
Geo.  W.  Knowlton, 
Henry'  8.  Lawrence, 
Rudolph  Lippold, 
Samuel  Little, 
Samuel  8.  Marison, 
Thos.  R.  Mathews, 


Henry  A.  May, 

C.  Edwin  Miles, 
Ray  Mitchell, 
Edward  G.  Morse, 
Herbert  F.  Morse, 
John  Mulhern, 

D.  D.  Murray, 
Geo.  H.  Nason, 
Harry  P.  Nawn, 
John  F.  Newton, 
Wm.  M.  Olin, 
Chas.  E.  Osgood, 

W.  Prentiss  Parker, 
Francis  B.  Perkins, 
Wm.  a.  Perrins, 
Andrew  J.  Peters, 
Jas.  C.  D.  Pigeon, 
Henry  W.  Putnam, 
John  A.  Reed, 
John  D.  Regan, 
Edward  B.  Reynolds, 
Chas.  W.  C.  Rhodes, 


Wm.  S.  Rumrill, 
Edward  Seaver, 

ABRAHAM   SHUMAN, 

Samuel  T.  Sinclair, 
Nathan  C.  Smith, 
Timothy  Smith, 
John  V.  N.  Stults, 
Chas.  F.  Sturtevant, 
Chas.  E.  Swain, 
John  A.  Sullivan, 
Albert  E.  Taylor, 
S.  Everett  Tinkham, 
Francis  J.  Ward, 
Leonard  Ware, 
Dependence  S.  Waterman, 
Frank  8.  Waterman, 
Geo.  H.  Waterman, 
Varnum  Waugh, 
Fred.  O.  White, 
John  H.  Wilson, 
Edward  H.  Wise, 
Chas.  B.  Woolley. 


(12) 


GEN.    JOSEPH    WARREN, 


From  a  Carbon  riiotograpli.    Copyriglit 
1S97  hy  A.  W.  Elson  it  Co.,  Boston. 


THE  GENEALOGY  OF  WARREN, 

By   Henry   A.   May. 


GENERAL  WARREN  was  descended  from  Peter 
Warren,  who  was  born  in  1628,  and  died  in 
Boston  November  15,  1704,  aged  76  years.  In  Suffolk 
Deeds,  on  March  8,  1659,  he  is  styled  mariner,  and 
purchased  land  of  Theodore  Atkinson  on  Essex  street, 
Boston.     His  will  is  to  be  found  in  Suffolk  Probate. 

Peter  (1)  Warren,  married  (1)  Sarah,  daughter  of 
Robert  Tucker  of  Dorchester,  Mass.,  August  1,  1660, 
and  by  her  had  the  following  children : 

1.  John  (2),  born  September  8,  1661 ; 

2.  Joseph  (2),  born  February  19,  1663; 

3.  Benjamin,  born  July  25,  1665 ; 

4.  Elizabeth,  born  January  4,  1667 ; 

5.  Ebenezer,  born  February  11,  1672; 

6.  Peter,  born  April  20,  1676. 

He  married  (2)  Hannah  ,  and  had : 

7.  Hannah,  born   May  19,  1680; 

8.  Mary,  born  November  4,  1683; 

9.  Robert,  born  December  24,  1684. 

(13) 


He  married  (3)  Esther  . 

His  three  wives  were  all  members  of  the  Old 
South  Boston  Church,  Boston. 

Joseph  (2)  Warren,  son  of  Peter  and  Sarah,  sold 
the  Essex  street  estate  in  1714,  reserving  to  the 
widow  Esther  the  life  estate. 

He  purchased  in  1687  of  John  Ceavens  seven  acres 
of  land,  and  in  1720  built  the  original  Warren  mansion 
on  Warren  street.  He  married  Deborah,  daughter 
of  Samuel  Williams,  who  was  a  sister  of  Rev.  John 
Williams,  captive  of  the  Indians  at  Deerfield,  Mass. 
He  died  at  Roxbury  July  13,  1729,  aged  66  years, 
and  was  buried  in  the  First  Burying-place,  corner 
of  Washington  and  Eustis  streets. 

They  had  eight  children,  one  of  them,  Joseph  (3), 
born  February  2,  1696,  married  Mary,  daughter  of 
Dr.  Samuel  and  Mary  Stevens,  May  29,  1740.  They 
had  : 

1.  Joseph  (4),  born  June  11,  1741 ; 

2.  Samuel  (4); 

3.  Ebenezer  (4),  born  Sept.  14,  1748; 

4.  John  (4),  born  1753,  graduate  Harvard  College, 
1771;  surgeon,  Essex  County  Regiment,  at  battle  of 
Lexington;  surgeon  at  Seige  of  Boston;  campaign 
in  the  Jerseys  to  1777,  and  afterward  hospital  surgeon 
at  Boston  till  the  close  of  the  war. 

Joseph,  the  father,  fell  from  an  apple  tree  in  his 
orchard,  October  23,  1775,  and  broke  his  neck.  He 
was  buried  in  the  First  Burying-place,  Roxbury.     His 

(14) 


remains  are  now  in  the  Warren  lot  at  Forest  Hills 
cemetery. 

Mary  (Stevens)  Warren,  the  mother,  was  a  grand- 
daughter of  Robert  Calef,  famous  as  instrumental  in 
arresting  the  persecution  of  those  charged  with 
witchcraft.  She  died  in  the  old  homestead,  Warren 
street,  Roxbury,  in  1800. 


(15) 


THE  FACTS  OF  WARRENS  LIFE. 

By   Henry  A.  May. 


General  Joseph  (4)  Warren,  the  eldest  son  of  Joseph 
and  Mary  (Stevens)  Warren,  was  born  in  the  old 
mansion  on  Warren  street.  He  graduated  at  Harvard 
College  1759,  and  taught  school  in  Roxbury  in  1760. 
He  married  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  Dr.  Richard 
Hooton  of  Boston.  September  6,  17G4,  by  whom  he 
had  four  children — Joseph,  Richard  (5),  Elizabeth 
and  Mary.  He  removed  to  Boston  and  resided  on 
the  site  of  the  American  House  on  Hanover  street, 
where  he  practised  as  a  physician.  He  was  the 
Town  Orator,  March  5,  1771  and  1775.  He  took 
part  in  a  combat  w^hich  destroyed  a  British  ship  of 
war  off  Chelsea  beach.  He  was  a  volunteer  with 
his  brothers  —  Ebenezer  and  John  —  at  the  battle  of 
Lexington.  He  was  Grand  Master  of  all  Lodges  of 
Free  Masons  in  the  United  States  at  the  time  of  his 
death.  He  was  elected  Major-General  in  the  American 
Army  by  the  Provincial  Congress,  of  which  he  was 
the  President. 

(16) 


When  the  Americans  had  decided  to  erect  the  redoubt 
on  Bunker  Hill,  Warren  declared  his  purpose  to  be  on 
the  battlefield  with  the  soldiers.  On  the  16th  of  June 
he  presided  as  president  of  the  Provincial  Congress, 
slept  at  Watertown  that  night,  went  to  Cambridge  on 
the  morning  of  June  17,  and,  after  meeting  with  the 
Committee  of  Safety,  armed  himself  and  went  to 
Charlestown.  He  mingled  in  the  fight,  behaved  with 
great  bravery,  and  was  among  the  last  to  leave  the 
redoubt.  He  had  proceeded  but  a  few  rods  when  a 
ball  struck  him  in  the  head,  and  he  fell.  The  next 
day  his  friends  went  to  the  battlefield,  among  them 
Dr.  Jeffries  and  Mr.  Winslow  (afterwards  General 
Winslow)  of  Boston,  recognized  the  body  and  buried 
it  where  he  fell.  After  the  British  army  evacuated 
Boston,  his  remains  were  taken  up  in  April,  1776, 
identified,  and  carried  to  King's  Chapel,  where  an 
eulogy  was  pronounced  by  Hon.  Perez  Morton. 
After  the  services  the  remains  were  placed  in  the 
tomb  belonging  to  George  Minot,  Esq.,  in  the 
Granary    Burying-ground. 

In  1825,  when  the  foundation  of  Bunker  Hill  Monu- 
ment was  laid,  it  was  thought  proper  to  discover  and 
preserve  the  remains.  Complete  identification  of  all 
that  was  mortal  of  Warren  was  made  by  the  eye- 
tooth,  secured  by  a  gold  wire,  and  the  mark  of  the 
fatal  bullet  behind  the  left  ear.  The  remains  were 
carefully  collected  and  placed  in  a  box  made  of  hard 
wood,  with  a  silver  plate,  inscribed  as  follows : 

(17) 


IN   THIS   TOMB 

ARE   DEPOSITED   THE  EARTHLY   REMAINS    OF 

MAJOR-GENERAL   JOSEPH   WARREN 

WHO   WAS   KILLED 

IN   THE   BATTLE   OF  BUNKER   HILL 

ON   THE 

17th   JUNE    1775 

and  the  box  placed  in  the  Warren  Tomb,  under  St. 
Paul's  Church. 

After  the  establishment  of  Forest  Hills  Cemetery, 
West  Roxbury,  the  remains  were  taken  from  this  tomb 
and  interred  in  the  Warren  lot  in  that  cemetery. 


(18) 


THE  EVOLUTION  OF  THE  WARREN 
MONUMENT. 

By   Captain   Isaac   P.    Gragg. 


The  Congress  of  the  United  States,  on  April  8,  1777, 
voted  to  erect  a  monument  to  the  memory  of  Major- 
General  Joseph  Warren.  As  no  appropriation  was 
made  to  carry  the  vote  into  effect,  the  Nation's  proposed 
tribute  to  Warren  was  never  expressed  in  marble  or 
bronze.  No  doubt  from  this  Congressional  proposition 
sprang,  however,  the  hope  of  the  citizens  of  the  town  of 
Roxbury  that  the  day  would  come  when  they  could  see 
their  way  clear  to  erect  a  monument  to  Warren  at 
the  place  of  his  birth.  During  the  last  one  hundred 
years  the  subject  has  been  occasionally  taken  up  at 
its  public  gatherings,  but  without  result  until  the 
annexation  of  Roxbury  to'  Boston.  Then,  at  the 
instance  of  L.  Foster  Morse  and  others,  at  the  public 
dedication  of  Kennedy  Hall,  October  1,  1873,  the 
Hon.  William  Gaston,  presiding,  named  a  committee 
to  organize  a  Joseph  Warren  Monument  Association, 
and  through  the  efforts  of  this  committee  a  bill  to 

(19) 


incorporate  the  association  passed  the  Massachusetts 
Legislature  on  May  20,  1874,  \vith  Joseph  H.  Chad- 
wick,  Donald  Kennedy,  Samuel  Little,  James  A.  Keith, 
L.  Foster  Morse,  John  A.  Scott,  Augustus  Parker, 
Robert  C.  Nichols,  Franklin  Williams,  John  L.  Swift, 
John  Backup,  Albert  Palmer,  Thomas  W.  Clarke, 
William  R.  Gray,  and  Charles  H.  Hovey  as  the  original 
incorporators. 

In  March,  1875,  Congressman  Henry  L.  Pierce 
obtained  from  Congress  a  donation  to  the  association 
of  ten  brass  cannon.  Under  the  stimulus  of  this 
success,  the  incorporators,  on  March  17,  accepted  the 
Act  of  Incorporation,  and  on  the  24th  of  the  same 
month  adopted  by-laws,  and  elected  Major  Joseph  H. 
Chadwick  President,  Franklin  Williams  Secretary,  and 
Samuel  Little  Treasurer.  On  May  31,  1875,  the  City 
Government  of  Boston  set  aside  the  triangular  lot 
on  Warren  street,  opposite  the  birthplace  of  Warren, 
as  the  site  for  the  monument,  and  on  October  20, 
1834,  it  voted  to  transfer  to  the  association  ten  addi- 
tional cannon  which  were  due  the  city  from  the 
United  States.  During  the  following  year  a  design 
for  a  monument  was  adopted  by  the  association, 
and  L.  Foster  Morse  was  authorized  to  go  to  Wash- 
ington to  endeavor  to  secure  an  appropriation  of 
1 10,000  from  Congress,  with  the  understanding  that 
$15,000  additional  would  be  raised  in  Massachusetts. 

After  interesting  Senator  Hoar  and  Representatives 
Ranney,  Long   and   Collins,  Mr.   Morse   succeeded  in 

(20) 


having  the  necessary  bill  introduced  into  both  the 
Senate  and  House.  It  failed  to  pass,  and  the  asso- 
ciation, discouraged  by  this  disappointment  and  the 
ensuing  hard  times,  allowed  the  matter  to  lay  dor- 
mant for  several  j^ears. 

In  1894  the  newly  organized  Roxbury  Military 
Historical  Society  started  a  fresh  agitation,  and  Mr. 
Samuel  C.  Jones,  one  of  its  members,  who  was  also 
a  Councilman  from  Ward  21,  interested  himself  in 
the  matter.  In  the  early  part  of  1896  he  secured, 
most  unexpectedly,  an  appropriation  of  $12,100  for 
a  monument  of  Warren  to  be  erected  by  the  City  of 
Boston.  The  Joseph  Warren  Monument  Association, 
reviving  its  interest,  decided  to  abandon  further  efforts 
ifor  a  Congressional  appropriation,  organized  a  canvass 
among  the  citizens  of  Roxbury  for  funds  to  be  added 
to  the  city's  appropriation,  and  as  the  result  of  this 
effort  turned  over  to  the  city  the  sum  of  $5,258.10. 

With  the  amount  now  in  hand,  the  Hon.  Josiah 
Quincy,  as  Mayor  and  Chairman  of  the  Art  Com- 
mission of  the  City  of  Boston,  was  enabled,  in  Jan- 
uary, 1895,  to  contract  with  Paul  W.  Bartlett  for 
a  monument,  models  of  which  were  to  be  approved 
by  the  Commission.  This  contract  expired  December 
1,  1901,  without  an  acceptable  model  having  been 
presented.  The  Art  Commission,  having  been  reor- 
ganized meanwhile  under  a  new  act  of  the  Legisla- 
ture, with  Mr.  Samuel  D.  Warren  as  chairman,  a 
second  contract  was  entered  into  with   Mr.  Bartlett ; 

(21) 


a  new  model  was  furnished  by  him  and  accepted  by 
the  Commission ;  and  early  in  1904  the  statue  arrived 
in  New  York  from  Mr.  Bartlett's  Paris  studio.  The 
completion  of  the  long-hoped-for  Warren  Monument 
being  thus  finally  assured,  the  17th  of  June  was 
fixed  upon  for  its  dedication. 

On  July  27th  of  the  preceding  year  the  city,  at 
the  solicitation  of  the  Art  Commission,  had  appro- 
priated $4,000  from  the  Phillips  Statue  Fund  to  grade 
and  embellish  the  site  for  the  monument.  A  few 
weeks  previous  to  the  dedication,  at  a  conference 
between  Mayor  Collins  and  the  officers  of  the  Joseph 
Warren  Monument  Association,  it  was  decided  that 
the  official  ceremonies  of  the  City  of  Boston  should 
be  supplemented  by  such  additional  exercises  as  the 
citizens  of  Roxbury  might  desire.  Under  the  aus- 
pices of  the  association,  a  meeting  of  delegates  from 
the  association,  the  Roxbury  Historical  Society,  and 
other  local  military  and  civic  organizations,  was  accord- 
ingly held  at  the  rooms  of  the  Roxbury  Historical 
Society,  in  the  Municipal  Court-house  building,  on 
the  evening  of  April  13,  1904;  a  committee  of 
arrangements  was  organized,  consisting  of  125  mem- 
bers, and  designated  as  "  The  Roxbury  Joseph  Warren 
Day  Committee";  plans  were  perfected  for  a  parade, 
banquet,  and  evening  exercises  at  the  Church  of  the 
First  Religious  Society  on  Eliot  Square ;  and  the  sum 
of  $1,682.39  was  raised  by  local  public  subscription 
to  cover  the  cost  of  the  local  celebration. 

(22) 


While  Roxbury  was  desirous  of  erecting  its  own 
memorial  to  Warren,  it  is  perhaps  more  fitting 
that  the  monument  has  been  finally  erected  by  the 
City  of  Boston.  Warren  was  born  in  Koxbury,  and 
passed  his  youth  and  early  manhood  in  that  historic 
town ;  he  lived  and  practised  his  profession,  and 
performed  the  patriotic  work  which  has  made  him 
famous  as  a  prominent  leader  of  the  Revolution, 
while  residing  on  Hanover  street,  Boston,  and  he 
yielded  up  his  life  for  liberty  at  Charlestown.  To- 
day the  three  towns  that  were  the  places  of  his 
birth,  his  manhood's  work,  and  his  heroic  death,  are 
all  included  in  the  greater  Boston  whose  government 
dedicates  the  monument.  And  the  people  of  Rox- 
bury, by  generously  contributing  to  this  and  to  the 
expenses  of  the  local  part  of  the  ceremonies,  enjoy 
the  record  of  having  done  their  full  part  in  honoring 
Warren. 


(23) 


THE    INSCRIPTION. 


Office  of  the  Mayor, 
City  of  Boston,  August  18,  1903. 

Captain  Isaac  P.  Gkagg  : 

My  Dear  Gcxptain^ —  When  you  were  here  last  1  forgot  to  ask 
what  you  intended  to  put  on  the  Warren  Monument.  I  had  in 
mind  a  quotation  from  a  letter  he  wrote  in  1774,  which  expresses 
as  pure  and  noble  a  sentiment  as  ever  came  from  point  of  the  pen 
of  man  in  a  crisis  : 

"  When  liberty  is  the  prize,  who  would  stoop  to  waste  a 
coward  thought  on  life?" 

I  think  this  thought  should  be  perpetuated,  and,  if  you  and 
your  associates  agree  with  me,  the  monument  is  the  place  to  have 
it.  I  do  not  know  that  the  quotation  is  very  well  known,  and  it 
may  not  have  occurred  to  others.     I  am, 

Tours  sincerely, 

(Signed)  Patrick  A.  Collins,  Mayor. 

The  above  letter  was  laid  before  the  Warren 
Monument  Association,  and  the  proposed  inscription 
approved  by  them,  and  recommended  to  the  Art 
Commission. 


(27) 


THE 

INSCRIPTION  ON  THE  MONUMENT. 

By  President  Charles  W.  Eliot. 


Joseph  Warren 

1741-1775 

Physician  —  Orator  —  Patriot 

Killed  at  Bunker  Hill 

17  June  1775 

When  liberty  is  the  prize, 
Who  would  shun  the  warfare  ? 

Who  would  stoop 
To  waste  a  coward  thought  on  life  ? 

24  August  1774.     Joseph  Warren 


(28) 


DEDICATION. 


THE    DEDICATION. 


IN  Roxbury  district,  June  17,  1904,  the  Monument 
to    Gen.    Joseph   Warren  was   formally  dedicated 
in  the  presence  of  ten  thousand  spectators.     In  their 
midst  stood  three  stands  appropriately  decorated,  and 
occupied  respectively  by  the  Municipal  band,  by  several 
hundred  invited  guests,  and  by  the  following  persons 
prominently  connected  with  the  dedicatory  exercises: 
His    Honor   Mayor   Collins;    Henry   ^Y.  Putnam,  the 
orator  of  the  day;  Brig  .-Gen.  N.  A.  M.  Dudley,  U.  S.  A., 
retired;  Judge  Solomon  A.  Bolster;  Hon.  Charles  T. 
Gallagher ;  Dr.  Thomas  Dwight,  a  descendant  of  Gen- 
eral   Warren,    and    the    one    selected   to    unveil   the 
statue ;  Rev.  James  de  Normandie  of  the  First  Parish 
Church;     L.    Foster    Morse   and    the    Hon.    Samuel 
Little,   the   two    remaining   members   of   the   original 
Warren  Monument  Association  as  organized  in  1873  ; 
F.  W.  Chandler,  J.  T.  Coolidge,  Jr.,  A.  W.  Longfellow 
and  C.  T.  Gallagher,  of  the  Municipal  Art  Commission ; 
Richard  H.  W.  Dwight,  president  of  the  Massachusetts 
Society  Sons  of  the  Revolution;    W.  Prentiss  Parker, 
of  the  General  Committee  of  Arrangements,  and    M. 
P.  Curran,  private  secretary  to  the  Mayor. 

(31) 


SPEECH 

By  the  HON.  Charles  T.  Gallagher. 


The  Joseph  Warren  Monument  Association  was 
formed  in  Roxbury  in  1874;  the  patriotic  efforts 
of  the  pubhc-spirited  citizens  who  composed  it  have 
resulted  in  procuring  from  the  United  States  Govern- 
ment ten  bronze  cannon,  donated  to  form  the  figure 
of  the  statue,  while  the  association  itself  raised 
$5,258.10  toward  the  funds  required  for  the  comple- 
tion. From  the  Jonathan  Phillips  Fund,  left  for 
beautifying  the  streets  and  public  squares  of  Boston, 
$4,000  was  paid  for  the  development  of  the  lot  on 
which  the  monument  stands.  The  balance  of  the 
money  required,  $12,100,  was  appropriated  and  has 
been  paid  by  our  city. 

The  first  favorable  action  by  the  city  government 
was  a  report  made  to  the  common  council  in  1895; 
and  after  the  natural  mutations  of  legislation  and 
appropriations  —  although  the  first  contract  with  the 
City  of  Boston  failed  —  a  new  contract  with  Paul 
W.  Bartlett  for  the  present  statue  was  executed  by 
the  Art  Commission,  June  2,  1902.  Unhappily  Mr. 
Bartlett    is    absent    from    our    ceremonies    to-day,  but 

(32) 


he  has  sent  his  congratulations  to  His  Honor  the 
Mayor. 

From  the  time  the  first  of  several  models  was  sub- 
mitted to  it,  throughout  the  slow  progress  of  the  work, 
the  Art  Commission,  exercising  great  care  and 
requiring  many  improvements,  has  approved  of  each 
detail,  until  the  figure  and  pedestal,  as  completed, 
have  met  with  the  approval  of  the  family  of 
Dr.  Warren,  of  experts  invited  to  inspect  it,  and 
of  the  members  of  the  Joseph  Warren  Monument 
Association. 

The  material  for  the  inscription  was  prepared  by 
President  Eliot  of  Harvard  University,  with  the  quo- 
tation suggested  by  His  Honor  Mayor  Collins ;  the 
emblems  of  the  Masonic  fraternity,  of  which  Joseph 
Warren  w^as  Provincial  Grand  Master  for  North  America 
at  the  time  of  his  death,  have  been  placed  under  the 
inscription. 

June  14,  1904,  at  a  meeting  of  the  Art  Commis- 
sion held  on  this  spot,  the  complete  monument  and 
its  location  were  formally  approved. 

The  physician's  coat  —  which  tradition  tells  us  he 
wore  —  representing  his  profession  and  daily  life,  com- 
bined with  the  manuscript  under  the  arm  holding 
the  sword,  form  the  sculptor's  conception  of  the 
doctor,  orator,  and  soldier. 

As  the  master,  applying  his  working  tools  to  the 
stones  of  the  building  as  adjusted,  declares  the  work 
to    be  "well   made,  well    proved,    truly  laid,"  so,    in 

(33) 


similar  veiu,  the  members  of  the  Art  Commission 
report  their  approval  of  tJds  creation  —  heroic  in 
conception,  artistic  in  design,  graceful  and  sym- 
metrical in  proportion,  faultless  in  workmanship, 
appropriately  inscribed.  They  therefore  recommend 
for  your  acceptance,  as  Mayor  of  the  City  of  Boston, 
this  monument  as  a  worthy  memorial  to  a  noble 
man. 


(34) 


SPEECH 

By   His   Honor    Mayor   Collins, 


Mayor  Collins,  in  a  speech  accepting  the  statue 
on  behalf  of  the  city,  said :  "  This  splendid  memorial 
is  an  outward  sign  of  inward  homage,  and  Boston 
is  proud  to  accei3t  it." 

The  Mayor  stated  that  the  sculptor,  Mr.  Paul  W. 
Bartlett,  who  is  absent  in  Europe,  had  sent  both  a 
letter  and  a  cablegram  expressing  his  felicitation  on 
the  event,  and  that  Captain  Newcomb,  a  direct  de- 
scendant of  General  Warren,  who  had  expected  to  be 
present,  was  detained  by  his  military  duties  in  the 
West,  but  had  sent  his  congratulations  and  regrets. 

"  To-day,"  concluded  the  Mayor,  '*  the  adequate 
word  for  the  epoch,  the  memorable  day,  and  for 
Joseph  Warren,  will  be  spoken  by  a  son  of  Roxbury, 
Henry  W.  Putnam." 


(35) 


EULOGY 

By    Henry   W.    Putnam 


Mr.  Mayor,  Ladies  and  Gentlemen : 

It  is  a  beautiful  and  interesting  trait  in  human  nature 
that  a  great  man's  memory  is  oftener  honored  at  his 
birthplace  than  even  on  the  scene  of  his  achievements. 
We  read  that  seven  famous  cities  claimed  the  honor  of 
being  the  birthplace  of  Homer,  —  the  place  where  the 
first  inarticulate  cry  broke  from  his  infant  lips,  —  but 
it  cannot  even  be  intelligently  guessed  where  he  com- 
posed a  line  of  the  poems  which  have  charmed  the  ages. 
So  truly  is  the  boy  the  father  of  the  man  and  the 
native  soil  the  father  of  the  boy,  that,  according  to 
the  instincts  of  mankind  through  all  time,  the  noble 
statue  which  is  to  carry  the  name  and  person  of  Joseph 
Warren  down  through  the  generations  could  have  been 
nowhere  so  well  placed  as  where  old  Roxbury  honors 
herself  by  erecting  it  to-day  to  her  greatest  son.  Not 
in  Faneuil  Hall  where  he  so  often  stirred  the  heart  and 
guided  the  judgment  of  the  people ;  not  in  the  Old 
South  where  he  challenged  the  British  power  to  its  face 
with  weighty  and  burning  words ;  not  at  yonder  house 

(36) 


in  Milton  where  he  launched  the  resolves  that  her- 
alded the  irrepressible  conflict,  fired  the  Continental 
Congress,  and  foreshadowed  the  great  Declaration; 
not  on  Bunker  Hill  itself,  could  he  so  fitly  stand  in 
monumental  bronze. 

For  here  he  received  at  his  mother's  knee  the  in- 
spiration that  only  a  mother  can  give,  which  shaped 
his  character  and  made  him  what  he  was.  Here  the 
country  air  and  simple  farm  life  built  up  in  youth 
the  handsome  and  stalwart  form  that  endured  inces- 
sant labor  in  his  country's  cause,  created  the  gracious 
and  commanding  presence  that  was  to  sway  men  to  his 
will,  and  put  the  power  and  spirit  into  that  bright 
and  open  face  that  glows  —  nay,  almost  speaks  to  us 
—  from  Copley's  canvas.  Here  he  grew  to  a  vigor- 
ous manhood  amid  that  sturdy  yeomanry  which  had 
founded  an  independent  commonwealth  in  these  track- 
less wilds,  and  for  generations  had  tilled  their  ances- 
tral acres  until,  in  his  own  beautiful  words,  "  the 
virgin  earth  teemed  with  richest  fruits,  a  grateful 
recompense  for  their  unwearied  toil,  the  fields  began 
to  wave  with  ripening  harvests,  and  the  barren  wil- 
derness was  seen  to  blossom  like  the  rose."  Here, 
above  all,  he  inhaled  from  the  very  soil  that  passion- 
ate love  of  liberty  which  has  enrolled  his  name  high 
among  the  builders  of  free  states,  and  which  led  him 
gladly,  even  gaily,  to  a  martyr's  death.  Here,  too,  his 
ashes  sleep  amid  the  pleasant  shades  of  Forest  Hills. 

In  the  plain  farm-house  that  stood  across  the  way 

(37) 


within  the  memory  of  the  elders  still  among  us  he 
received  from  God-fearing  parents  of  the  stern 
Puritan  type  those  precepts  which  made  the  best 
New  England  character  of  that  day  what  it  was. 
His  father,  who  died  by  a  fall  from  an  apple-tree 
in  his  orchard  when  the  boy  was  only  fourteen 
years  old,  said  once  in  his  hearing,  "  I  would  rather 
a  son  of  mine  were  dead  than  a  coward,"  — 
a  sentiment  which  sank  deeply  into  the  boy's 
mind.  The  religious  training  received  from  a 
mother  who  remained  an  honored  and  venerated  figure 
among  her  neighbors  till  extreme  old  age  nearly  a 
generation  after  his  death,  became  a  part  of  his  nature, 
and  a  book  of  psalms  found  upon  his  person  after  death 
is  still  preserved  in  his  family.  In  the  historic  church 
to  which  the  saintly  Apostle  to  the  Indians  had  minis- 
tered for  two  generations,  and  which  still  retained  —  as 
it  does  to-day  —  the  powerful  impress  of  that  unique 
personality,  and  m  the  old  Grammar  School  founded 
by  him,  the  youth  was  filled  with  that  strong  sense 
of  duty  and  those  lofty  ideals  of  conduct  which 
impelled  him  to  high  public  service.  After  gradu- 
ating from  college  he  taught  a  year  in  1760  in  this 
ancient  school,  now  widely  known  as  the  Roxbury 
Latin  School.  At  least  one  eminent  Roxbury  man 
is  known  to  have  been  his  pupil  there  when  a  boy. 
Increase  Sumner,  who  afterwards  attained  the  highest 
honors  in  the  State  as  governor  and  chief  justice, 
always  related  with  gratitude  and  pride  that  he  had 

(38) 


sat  here  in  his  youth  at  the  feet  of  the  patriot 
Warren,  and  transmitted  the  fact  as  a  precious 
legacy  to  his  children.  By  a  happy  coincidence  the 
school  now  stands  upon  a  part  of  the  Warren  farm, 
and  generations  of  Roxbury  boys  yet  to  come  will 
be  inspired  by  this  association  as  their  predecessors 
have  been  for  seventy  years,  and  by  his  bust 
looking  down  upon  them  in  the  hall  where  they 
daily  gather. 

This  occasion  permits  only  the  most  cursory  re- 
view and  estimate  of  Dr.  Warren's  public  career, 
so  momentous  in  achievement,  though,  alas !  so 
short  in  years.  From  the  moment  of  the  Stamp  Act 
agitation  in  1765,  when  he  was  only  twenty-four 
years  old,  he  was  zealous,  active,  untiring  in  the 
patriot  movement.  He  wrote  much  for  the  public 
press,  and  was  from  the  first  Samuel  Adams'  right- 
hand  man  and  most  trusted  confidential  adviser. 
After  the  latter's  departure  for  the  Continental 
Congress  at  Philadelphia  in  1774,  Warren  became 
the  unquestioned  leader  in  Massachusetts.  His 
first  oration  on  the  anniversary  of  the  Massacre 
in  March,  1772,  which  first  brought  him  promi- 
nently before  the  public ;  his  formation  with  Samuel 
Adams  of  the  Committee  of  Correspondence  in  1773 
which  united  the  other  towns  of  the  province  with 
Boston  in  the  cause,  and  thus  created  the  germ  of 
the  future  union  of  the  Colonies  and  of  the  States; 
and    his    carefully  considered  and    able    statement  of 

(39) 


the  public  grievances  which  was  sent  to  the  dif- 
ferent towns,  prepared  him  for  the  undisputed 
leadership,  which  became  his  with  the  passage  of 
his  Suffolk  Resolves  in  September,  1774,  and  con- 
tinued   his  until   his    death. 

His  bold  and  deliberate  declaration  in  those  Resolves 
"  that  no  obedience  is  due  from  this  province  to 
either  or  any  of  the  acts  above  mentioned ;  but  that 
they  be  rejected  as  the  attempts  of  a  wicked  admin- 
istration to  enslave  America,"  electrified  the  country 
as  the  first  uncompromising  utterance  of  a  public 
representative  body  proclaiming,  even  inviting,  the 
inevitable  conflict.  The  clause  just  quoted  from 
them  was  in  this  respect  not  unlike  Lincoln's 
thoughtful  and  equally  bold  and  significant  declara- 
tion in  the  Douglas  debates  on  the  eve  of  the  civil 
war,  that  "this  country  cannot  permanently  endure 
half-slave  and  half-free."  Each  struck  the  keynote 
of  the  impending  struggle,  and  gave  the  watchword 
for  it.  Lincoln's  was  the  herald  of  Emancipation; 
Warren's  of  Independence.  The  mind  that  conceived 
and  framed  the  Suffolk  Resolves  was  at  least  as 
forceful  and  original  as  the  one  that  drew  the 
Declaration  of  Independence ;  it  was  more  incisive 
and  vigorous  in  attack,  and  more  eloquent  in  expres- 
sion. The  Declaration  was  indeed  little  more  than 
an  expansion  of  the  Resolves  made  nearly  two  years 
after  the  modest  Boston  physician  had  blazed  the 
way. 

(40) 


It  is  almost  the  misfortune  of  Warren,  as  history 
should  finally  know  him,  that  his  heroic  death  over- 
shadows his  more  heroic  life;  so  completely  does  the 
halo  of  martyrdom  conceal  the  plain  chaplet  of 
civic  courage  and  achievement,  the  emotion  of  our 
hearts  supplant  the  calm  judgment  that  would 
estimate  the  statesman,  and  the  supreme  virtue  of 
self-sacrifice  outshine  all  lesser  merits  and  blind  us 
to  them.  As  we  get,  however,  farther  from  the 
contemporary  fervor  of  the  Revolution,  and  look  at 
it  in  a  more  detached  spirit  through  the  lengthening 
vista  of  history,  the  figure  of  the  statesman  stands 
out  in  Warren's  case  in  ever  bolder  relief. 

Our  amiable  but  somewhat  shallow  American  pas- 
sion for  fine-sounding  titles  has  —  perhaps  rather 
unfortunately  —  fastened  upon  him  the  name  of 
General — an  office  which  he  held  for  only  three 
days  before  his  death,  and  never  exercised.  Undoubt- 
edly he  was  conspicuously  a  man  of  action  and  of 
the  military  temperament  and  aptitude  who  must 
inevitably  have  achieved  distinction  in  the  field  had 
he  lived.  His  life-work,  however,  was  in  fact  a 
civil  one,  and  was  done  as  plain  Dr.  Warren,  an 
active  and  successful  physician  practising  the  healing 
art  even  up  to  the  last  days  of  his  life;  of  a 
scholarly  and  thoughtful  turn  of  mind,  who  read 
widely,  and  thought  and  studied  deeply  on  the  great 
question  of  the  day,  speaking  and  writing  on  it 
with    eloquence,    incisiveness    and    power,  and    giving 

(41) 


unstintedly  of   his   time   and   strength    to    the  public 
weal. 

It  is,  therefore,  a  happy  inspiration  of  the  sculptor 
which  presents  him  to  us  here  in  the  plain  dress  of 
a  civilian,  and  wearing  his  doctor's  coat  —  in  the 
habit  in  which  all  his  public  work  was  done,  and  in 
which  he  died.  His  day-book  in  the  Old  South 
shows  that  he  attended  several  patients  on  the  very 
day  of  his  last  great  oration  on  March  6,  1775,  and 
that  he  made  regular  professional  visits  as  late  as 
May  8,  1775,  when  the  entries  cease.  A  definite 
and  well-authenticated  family  tradition,  —  derived 
originally  from  the  patient  herself,  and  transmitted 
by  her  daughter  to  a  nephew  of  General  Warren's 
whom  I  knew  as  an  old  man  less  than  thirty  years 
ago,  and  who  published  it,  —  says  he  attended  a  lady 
at  Dedham  very  early  on  the  morning  of  June  17th, 
and  left  her  in  the  care  of  his  assistant  with  the 
jocular  remark  that  he  must  go  over  to  Charlestown 
and  have  a  shot  at  the  British.  The  same  tradi- 
tion —  though  less  clearly  authenticated  —  makes 
him  call  on  that  morning  for  the  last  time  upon 
his  mother  and  his  motherless  children,  at  his  old 
home  upon  this  spot,  on  his  way  to  Dedham  from 
Watertown,  where  he  had  presided  over  the  Provin- 
cial Congress  the  evening  before.  He  was  absent 
from  the  morning  session  of  the  Congress  on  the 
17th,  as  the  records  show,  and  doubtless  hurried 
from   Dedham    to    the  Committee  of    Safety  at  Cam- 

(42) 


bridge  early  in  the  forenoon  to  complete  the  prep- 
arations for  the  battle  before  going  over  to  Charles- 
town  himself  in  the  afternoon,  —  faithful  alike  to 
his  family,  to  his  patients,  to  his  country,  to  the 
very  last. 

In  the  great  public  debate  over  the  right  of 
Parliament  to  tax  and  legislate  for  the  colonies 
Warren's  mind,  while  radical  in  denying  the  exist- 
ence of  the  right,  yet  clung  loyally  to  the  crown, 
with  a  sentiment  akin  to  personal  affection,  while 
denying  its  rightful  sovereignty  over  us.  This  mod- 
eration of  attitude  —  evidently  the  result  of  senti- 
ment and  an  affectionate  temperament  rather  than 
of  intellectual  conviction  —  attracted  towards  him 
many  of  the  loyalist  part  of  the  population '  whom 
it  was  necessary  to  win  over  to  the  patriot  cause  if 
it    was    to    succeed. 

At  the  same  time,  by  denying  on  the  strongest 
grounds  the  legal  sovereignty  of  the  crown  over  us,  — 
a  denial  of  peculiar  weight  coming  from  one  who  was 
personally  attached  to  the  crown,  —  he  strengthened 
the  patriot  argument  greatly  at  its  weakest  point. 
In  the  great  discussion  between  the  Assembly  and 
Governor  Hutchinson  in  January  and  February,  1773, 
the  argument  as  presented  by  Samuel  Adams,  but 
really  framed  in  private  by  John  Adams,  and  resting 
upon  the  maxims  "no  taxation  without  representa- 
tion "  and  "  no  government  without  the  consent  of 
the  governed"  had  admitted   the   sovereignty  of   the 

(43) 


crown  from  the  beginning  in  granting  tlie  first 
patents  to  the  Colonists,  and  indeed  claimed  that  our 
title  rested  on  them,  while  denying  and  attempting 
to  disprove  that  of  the  Parliament.  But  nine-tenths 
—  perhaps  ninety-nine  one-hundredths  —  of  the  people 
of  England  itself  were  no  more  represented  in 
Parliament,  in  any  real  sense,  than  the  Colonists 
were,  and  the  Colonists  on  the  other  hand  would 
not  have  acquiesced  in  the  Stamp  Act,  the  duty  on 
tea,  the  Port  Bill,  the  Regulating  Act,  and  the 
quartering  of  soldiers  in  the  town,  if  they  had  been 
represented  in  Parliament.  So  that  the  argument 
was  theoretical  rather  than  practical,  and  did  not 
quite   go  to   the   root  of   the    trouble. 

Moreover,  as  the  revolution  of  1688  in  England 
and  the  fall  of  the  Stuarts  had  practically  trans- 
ferred the  supreme  power  from  the  crown  to  Par- 
liament, and  Parliament  itself  had  taken  the  crown 
from  the  Stuarts  and  settled  it  first  upon  the  house 
of  Orange,  and  next  upon  that  of  Hanover,  Governor 
Hutchinson's  argument  that  therefore  the  real  sov- 
ereign power  over  us,  which  the  patriots'  committee 
admitted  to  have  been  originally  in  the  crown  in 
the  days  of  the  Stuart  absolutism,  must  now  reside 
in  Parliament,  was  a  strong  one ;  and  the  patriot 
reply  was,  to  say  the  least,  not  w^holly  convincing. 
If  the  question  had  really  been  one  of  law  at  all, 
the  dispassionate  reader  to-day  of  that  most  able 
debate    must    admit    that    the    Royalists    made    out 

(44) 


rather  the  stronger  case,  if  our  original  title  was 
really  derived  from  the  crown. 

Those  maxims  wer6,  at  best,  lawyers'  formulae 
rather  than  elemental  truths  appealing  to  the  natu- 
ral reason  of  laymen.  The  admission  just  mentioned 
as  accompanying  them  was  too  lawyerlike  and  con- 
servative, and  attached  too  much  effect  to  paper 
muniments  of  title  from  the  crown,  —  to  mere  parch- 
ment and  sealing  wax,  —  to  touch  quite  vividly  enough 
the  real  issue  that  was  seething  in  the  minds  of 
men.  It  is  an  interesting  fact  that  John  Adams 
states  in  his  diary  that  he  inserted  them  in  the 
draft  of  the  Assembly's  reply  privately  submitted  to 
him  for  revision  by  Samuel  Adams,  the  chairman  of 
the  Assembly's  committee,  and  struck  out  as  too 
vague  the  more  general  argument  based  upon  the 
natural  rights  of  man  which  he  suspected  had  been 
inserted  by  his  friend  Dr.  Warren. 

But  this  suppression  was  only  temporary.  A 
broader  and  more  convincing  popular  appeal  ad- 
dressed to  practical  common  sense  and  natural  feel- 
ing became  a  necessity.  It  was  the  striking 
contribution  of  Warren  to  this  debate  and  his  in- 
estimable service  to  his  country  that  he  made  this 
appeal  two  years  later  in  the  Old  South  in  the  final 
summing  up  before  the  clash  of  arms.  In  it  he 
brought  out  boldly  and  clearly  that  the  question  w^as 
not  a  legal  one  so  much  as  one  of  natural  right 
and     popular     conviction,  —  a    political     one    in    the 

(45) 


highest  and  truest  sense,  —  and  thus  lifted  the  cause 
of  liberty  out  of  the  field  of  legal  abstractions  into 
that  of  natural  rights  of  the  most  elementary  kind 
which  men  are  willing  to  die  for  and  which  all  suc- 
cessful revolutionary  movements  must  in  the  end 
stand  upon. 

This  he  did  by  asserting,  at  the  outset  of  his  ad- 
dress, that  the  crown  never  had  any  sovereignty 
originally  to  give  us  or  to  withhold  from  us ;  that 
the  Colonists  alone  held  the  sovereignty  by  treaty 
from  the  natives ;  and  that  if  the  crown,  which  was, 
in  those  days,  practically  absolute,  never  had  any 
sovereignty  over  us  by  right  of  discovery,  a  fortiori 
Parliament  had  none  then  or  now. 

Listen  with  me  a  moment  to  his  own  terse  and 
almost  contemptuous  rejection  of  the  idea  that  the 
British  crown  had  —  even  in  the  days  of  James  I. 
— any  sovereignty  to  give  to  the  original  settlers: 
"  This  country,  having  been  discovered  by  an  English 
subject  in  the  year  1620  was  (according  to  the  system 
which  the  blind  superstition  of  those  times  supported) 
deemed  the  property  of  the  crown  of  England.  Our 
ancestors,  when  they  resolved  to  qiiit  their  native  soil, 
obtained  from  King  James  a  grant  of  certain  lands  in 
North  America.  This  they  probably  did  to  silence  the 
cavils  of  their  enemies,  for  it  cannot  be  doubted  but 
they  despised  the  pretended  right  which  he  claimed 
thereto.  Certain  it  is  that  he  might  with  equal  pro- 
priety and   justice    have  made    them  a  grant  of    the 

(46) 


planet  Jupiter,  and  their  subsequent  conduct  plainly 
sliows  that  they  were  too  well  acquainted  with  hu- 
manity and  the  principles  of  natural  equity  to  suppose 
that  the  grant  gave  them  any  right  to  take  possession ; 
they  therefore  entered  into  a  treaty  with  the  natives 
and  bought  from  them  the  lands.  Nor  have  I  yet 
obtained  any  information  that  our  ancestors  ever 
pleaded  or  that  the  natives  ever  regarded  the  grant 
from  the  English  crown.  The  business  was  transacted 
by  the  parties  in  the  same  independent  manner  that 
it  would  have  been  had  neither  of  them  ever  known 
or  heard  of  the  Island  of  Great  Britain." 

In  other  words,  the  patents  to  the  Colonists  were 
really  mere  passports,  not  grants  at  all;  the  crown 
a  mere  suzerain,  not  a  sovereign ;  and  he  goes 
on,  at  length,  to  elaborate  and  supplement  this 
view  from  the  subsequent  history  of  the  Colony, 
drawing  a  beautiful  picture  of  the  Colonists,  free, 
happy,  prosperous,  and  in  all  but  name  independent. 

Here  at  last,  after  ten  years  of  popular  agitation 
and  discontent,  and  of  discussion  in  which  the  patriot 
leaders  either  shrank  from  the  real  logic  of  the 
situation  or  were  groping  blindly  to  find  it,  bed- 
rock is  reached,  —  the  very  core  of  the  revolutionarj' 
case,  —  the  purchase  of  the  soil  from  the  natives, 
followed  by  its  actual  settlement,  cultivation,  de- 
velopment, and  government  by  five  generations  of 
freemen,  —  boldly  and  clearly  proclaimed  in  the 
very   faces    of   the    British    officers,  who    sat    menac- 

(47) 


ingly  on  the  pulpit-stairs  and  all  round  him,  and  of 
Governor  Gage  in  the  Mansion  House  across  the 
way.  It  was  doubtless  too  bold  an  argument  for  a 
lawyer  to  have  put  forward;  and  yet  we  can  see 
now  —  as  Warren  did  at  the  time  —  that  it  stood 
on  stronger  grounds  even  from  a  legal  point  of 
view  than  did  that  made  by  the  lawyers,  for  the 
flimsy  abstract  claim  of  sovereignty  in  the  crown 
over  a  hemisphere  by  virtue  of  mere  private  dis- 
covery —  a  mere  legal  fiction  at  best  —  was  really 
the  weakest  point  in  the  royal  case,  and  was 
completely  met,  as  a  matter  of  abstract  right, 
by  the  Colonists'  actual  occupation  for  genera- 
tions under  a  grant  from  the  native  owners  of 
the  soil.  These  affirmative  facts  and  the  further 
ones,  —  which  he  brings  out  into  strong  relief,  — 
that  they  had  legislated  for  themselves  for  a 
century  and  a  half,  that  Great  Britain  had 
sought  to  interfere  only  after  the  Colonists  had 
grown  so  rich  and  prosperous  as  to  be  a  tempting 
source  of  imperial  revenue,  and  that  we  were  separated 
from  her  by  three  thousand  miles  of  ocean,  were 
really  the  gist  and  kernel  of   the  whole  situation. 

Warren  had  reached  this  advanced  but  strong 
position  gradually,  by  study  and  reflection.  Nine 
years  before,  at  the  time  of  the  Stamp  Act  agita- 
tion, he  was  still  in  the  infancy  of  the  question  and 
in  the  toils  of  the  legal  argument.  In  a  letter  to  a 
friend  in  England  in  March,  1766,  he  speaks  of  ovir 

(48) 


liberties  as  having  been  "  granted  and  received  as 
acts  of  favor,"  but  as  being,  nevertheless,  somehow 
irrevocable,  he  does  not  show  —  doubtless  did 
not  see  —  how.  Now  he  sees  clearly  that  England 
had  given  us  nothing  to  revoke,  and  had  no  naore 
title  to  give  than  she  had  in  the  planet  Jupiter. 
Our  liberties,  in  effect  our  independence,  had  always 
been  our  own  of  right  by  original  acquisition  of  the 
soil  from  its  owners  and  peaceful  settlement  thereon. 

His  picture  of  the  Massacre,  the  anniversary  of 
which  he  was  commemorating,  is  a  powerful  and 
pathetic  one.  Its  appeal  to  the  feelings  of  the 
reader  is  irresistible,  as  it  must  have  been  to  those 
of  his  hearers.  But  it  is  direct  and  open  ;  rhetori- 
cal, it  is  true,  but  not  demagogic;  there  is  nothing 
of  the  Mark  Antony  about  it,  none  of  the  adroit 
subtlety  of  malign  purpose,  no  insidious  appeal  to 
the  violent  passions.  It  is  brief  and  moderate,  and 
wholly  secondary  to  the  main  argument  of  his 
address. 

The  little  incident  of  his  good  naturedly,  even 
playfully,  dropping  his  handkerchief  over  the  bullets 
which  one  of  the  officers,  angered  at  his  argument, 
threateningly  held  up  before  him,  shows  a  tact  and 
honhoniie  which  fitted  in  well  with  this  temperate 
character  of  his  address,  and  must  have  added  greatly 
to  its  effectiveness. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  this  seemingly  radical, 
yet  really  most  conservative    and    sensible,  argument 

(49) 


was  delivered  by  the  orator  calmly  and  conversa- 
tionally, as  if  it  Avere  obvious  and  a  matter  of  course. 
A  Tory  eye-witness,  —  who  would  doubtless  have 
exaggerated  any  inflammatory  attempt  by  the  orator, 
—  gives  us  a  vivid  glimpse  of  him.  He  says  Dr. 
Warren  stood  "  with  a  white  handkerchief  in  his 
hand  and  his  left  hand  in  his  breeches  —  began  and 
ended  without  action  " — just  as  a  cool  Yankee  would 
talk  about  public  matters  to  his  fellow  townsmen  in 
the  country  to-day.  No  attempt  to  inflame  the 
popular  passions  or  set  riot  on  foot;  no  rhetorical 
flaunting  of  sophistries  or  false  issues ;  simply  a  plain 
heart-to-heart  talk  with  the  people  about  the  root  of 
the  matter,  precisely  as  Lincoln  afterwards  talked  to 
them  in  the  Douglas  debates,  —  thoughtfully,  soberly, 
moderately,  but  uncompromisingly ;  speaking  of  inde- 
pendence not  as  a  thing  to  be  won  by  violence,  or 
even  to  be  won  at  all,  —  on  the  contrary  he  depre- 
cated rupture  or  war,  —  but  as  already  existing,  as 
having  existed  in  substance  for  generations,  and  as 
now  wrongfully  sought  to  be  overthrown  by  Parlia- 
ment.   , 

"An  independence  on  Great  Britain  is  not  our  aim," 
he  says.  "  No,  our  wish  is,  that  Britain  and  the  col- 
onies, like  the  oak  and  ivy,  grow  and  increase  in 
strength  together."  He,  however,  reveals  the  mettle 
of  the  Colonists  clearly  by  the  following  significant 
clause  evidently  put  in  as  at  once  a  last  warning  and 
a  challenge  to  the  British  :  "  But  if  these  pacific  meas- 

(50) 


ures  are  ineffectual,  and  it  appears  that  the  only  way 
to  safety  is  through  fields  of  blood,  I  know  you  will 
not  turn  your  faces  from  j^our  foes,  but  will  undaunt- 
edly press  forward,  until  tyranny  is  trodden  under  foot 
and  you  have  fixed  your  adored  goddess  Liberty,  fast 
by  a  Brunswick's  side,  on  the  American  throne." 
After  this  the  British  had  no  choice  but  to  with- 
draw or  fight. 

The  same  Tory  observer  says  he  was  "  applauded 
by  the  mob ;  but  groaned  at  by  people  of  understand- 
ing." In  fact  the  oration  was  addressed  to  neither, 
in  the  sense  in  which  the  words  are  used  by  the 
writer.  The  mob  needed  no  inciting ;  the  Tories  were 
inaccessible  to  argument.  Warren  was  in  reality 
addressing  himself  to  that  thoughtful  remnant  which 
generally  decides  the  issue  in  popular  movements, — 
those  who  loved  liberty  and  its  guaranties  under 
English  law  with  a  deep  and  reverent  conviction, 
and  who  also  loved  the  mother  country  and  the 
monarchy,  but  who  if  they  must  choose  between  the 
two  would  choose  the  former.  He  showed  them  that 
if  in  the  last  resort  they  must  so  choose,  they  were 
choosing  only  what  they  had  always  had  by  highest 
right.  Those  that  were  not  in  the  audience  would 
read  his  words  in  print,  and  together  they  would 
turn  the  scale.  When  he  sat  down,  his  life-work 
had  been  really  achieved.  He  had  framed  the  vital 
issue  and  forced  it  upon  his  opponents  in  the  right 
way  and  at    the    right    moment,  and  in  doing  so  he 

(51) 


took   his  assured  i)Osition  among  the  great  statesmen 
of  his  country. 

It  is  clear  enough  why  Dr.  Warren  himself  sought 
this  opportunity  to  address  his  countrymen.  He  felt 
his  special  mission.  He  and  Samuel  Adams,  who  pre- 
sided at  the  meeting,  both  knew  that  he  was  the  man 
for  the  moment.  He  had  already  fleshed  his  maiden 
sword  in  responsible  leadership  in  the  town  meeting 
on  the  Port  Bill  in  the  preceding  June,  in  the  County 
Convention  which  adopted  his  Suffolk  Resolves  in 
September,  in  the  Provincial  Congress  in  January  and 
February.  He  knew  and  felt  his  power,  and  knew 
that  it  was  recognized  by  others ;  he  knew  just  what 
the  patriot  argument  needed,  and  that  nobody  had 
thought  it  out,  or  could  present  it,  so  clearly  as  he ; 
he  knew,  above  all,  with  the  instinct  of  a  man  of 
action,  that  the  decisive  moment  was  at  hand,  and 
that  he  was  the  man  to  give  the  signal,  —  not  for 
the  patriots,  but  for  the  royalists,  —  to  move.  Lord 
North  humorously  called  the  regiments  which  were 
compelled  by  the  patriots  under  the  lead  of  Samuel 
Adams  to  leave  the  town  after  the  Massacre,  "Sam 
Adams'  regiments."  We  may  with  almost  equal 
truth  call  the  regiments  which  marched  out  to  Lexing- 
ton and  Concord  under  Pitcairn  and  Percy  "  Warren's 
regiments."  After  his  last  oration  they  had  to  go ; 
if  he  had  been  their  colonel  they  could  hardly  have 
done  his  bidding  more  promptly  or  more  exactly  to 
his  liking. 

(52) 


Warren's  uncompromising  insistence  on  the  sub- 
stance of  independence,  —  well  knowing  that  the 
name  must  soon  follow  the  reality,  coupled  as  it 
was  with  a  certain  thoughtful  and  sober  emphasis 
also  upon  the  ties  of  affection  and  loyalty  toward 
the  mother  country,  and  his  enforcement  of  both 
these  views  with  cogency  of  thought,  and  directness 
and  eloquence  of  speech,  are  not  unlike  Lincoln's 
unyielding  opposition,  in  the  Douglas  debates,  to  the 
extension  of  slavery,  well  knowing  that  this  must  in 
time  soon  bring  about  its  total  disappearance,  yet 
not  in  terms  countenancing  abolition,  much  less 
threatening  a  war  for  its  extermination.  The  two 
are  alike,  also,  in  resting  their  respective  cases  on 
distinctly  moral  or  natural  grounds  as  distinguished 
from  legal  ones,  —  the  latter  being  if  anything 
rather  against  them  in  each  case.  Each  uttered  the 
last  most  authoritative  and  influential  word  immedi- 
ately prior  to  and  leading  up  to  the  arbitrament  of 
war ;  each  put  his  country's  cause  on  the  strongest 
ground  for  the  coming  conflict,  and  its  enemy  in  the 
wrong.  Lincoln  led  his  country  up  to  Sumter,  as 
Warren  led  it  up  to  Lexington,  —  to  the  wars  which 
created  and  which  saved  the  Union,  —  and  in  each 
case  the  enemy  was  made  to  fire  the  first  shot.  The 
two  achievements  seem  to  me  the  most  dramatic, 
as  well  as  momentous,  in  the  civil  history  of  our 
country,  and  it  would  be  hard  to  say  which  was  the 
greater. 

(53) 


The  merits  of  this  discussion  of  17G5-1775  are 
ancient  history  to  us  of  to-day ;  but  the  man  who 
boldly  threw  the  gauntlet  down  to  arbitrary  power 
and  truculent  militarism  in  their  very  lair,  supported 
his  challenge  with  cogent  and  unanswerable  logic, 
enforced  it  with  overmastering  eloquence  of  expres- 
sion, and  precipitated  the  appeal  to  arms,  which  shortly 
followed,  in  such  a  manner  as  to  make  the  British 
the  aggressors,  put  them  wholly  in  the  wrong,  and 
put  the  Colonists  on  the  defensive  against  aggression 
with  their  case  made  uj)  for  the  bar  of  public  opinion 
and  of  impartial  history  on  its  strongest  possible  ground, 
—  this  man  is  a  statesman  of  the  first  rank  and  for  all 
time  if  there  ever  was  one.  No  wonder  that  when, 
in  the  early  dawn  of  April  19th,  Warren  stepped  into 
the  boat  to  cross  the  Charlestown  ferry  on  his  way 
to  Lexington  lie  exclaimed,  wdth  a  flash  of  triumph, 
to  his  friends  :  —  "  Keep  up  brave  heart.  They  have 
begun  it,  —  that  either  party  can  do ;  and  we  will 
end  it,  —  that  only  one  can  do." 

As  a  mere  piece  of  splendid  oratory  Warren's  last 
address  is  hardly  inferior  even  to  the  famous  outburst 
of  Patrick  Henry  a  few  weeks  later  in  the  old  church 
at  Richmond ;  as  an  aggressive  attack,  at  great  per- 
sonal risk,  upon  an  armed  enemy  to  his  face  and  in 
his  stronghold,  it  is  unique  in  the  history  of  great 
oratory ;  as  a  step  in  the  Revolutionary  debate  it 
was  the  great  closing  argument  for  the  patriot  cause, 
not    only    summing  up  the   familiar    arguments,    but 

(54) 


adding  the  new  and  powerful  one  I  have  mentioned, 
which  the  British  could  and  did  answer  only  by  the 
appeal  to  arms. 

It  has  been  profoundly  said,  "  Let  me  write  the 
songs  of  a  people,  and  I  care  not  who  makes  their 
laws."  Of  revolutionary  epochs  it  may  be  said,  with 
equal  truth,  "  Show  me  the  man  who  moulds  the 
thought  of  a  people,  and  I  care  not  who  holds  their 
offices  or  commands  their  armies."  To  be  concrete, 
if  we  were  speaking  of  the  greatest  of  modern 
revolutions,  we  might  say,  "  Show  me  the  men  — 
Voltaire,  Rousseau  and  the  rest  —  who  transformed 
the  mind  of  France,  and  I  care  little  who  guillotined 
her  hapless  King  and  Queen,  or  who  led  the  armies 
of  the  tricolor  to  Madrid  and  to  Moscow."  The  real 
makers  of  our  country,  in  the  broad  historic  sense, 
are  the  little  group  of  men  who  formed  and  led  the 
popular  thought  in  Boston  in  the  years  immediately 
preceding  April  19,  1775;  and  among  these  Warren 
seems  to  me  to  stand  pre-eminent  as  the  strongest 
thinker,  the  master  mind,  the  first  statesman,  Samuel 
Adams  was  the  undoubted  leader  of  the  move- 
ment until  1774,  as  the  tireless  and  uncompromis- 
ing agitator,  organizer,  and  manager,  ever  radical 
and  aggressive ;  but  he  was  not  conspicuously 
an  original  or  progressive  thinker,  and  was 
not  an  orator.  James  Otis  culminated  in  the  purely 
legal  argument  against  the  writs  of  assistance  in 
1760,  and  mental    disease    prevented    a    great  career 

(55) 


for  him  after  that.  John  Adams'  great  life-work 
was  done  in  the  Continental  Congress,  and  later.  He 
kept  aloof  from  active  leadership  or  even  participa- 
tion in  the  pre-revolutionary  propaganda  in  Boston, 
with  the  remark  —  quoting  Lear  and  referring  to 
Otis  —  "  That  way  madness  lies  ";  while  John  Han- 
cock's leadership  was  rather  social  and  commercial 
than  intellectual.  Warren  alone,  in  this  period,  grew 
steadily  in  grasp  and  reach  of  thought,  in  power  of 
expression,  and  in  his  hold  upon  the  popular  confi- 
dence, through  the  rapidly-shifting  drama  of  those 
momentous  years,  and  he  reached  his  powerful  climax 
and  his  undisputed  leadership  in  thought  and  action 
at  the  close  of  the  civil  debate,  March  6,  1775. 

His  personality  seems  to  have  been  that  rare  and 
fine  compound  of  ardor  and  even  impetuosity  of 
temperament  with  sobriety  and  coolness  of  judgment 
in  important  crises ;  of  radical  convictions  with  mod- 
erate statement  and  a  conservative,  and  even  clinging, 
affection  for  whatever  is  good  in  the  existing  order 
of  things  ;  of  boldness  —  even  recklessness  —  in 
action,  with  wisdom  and  even  caution  in  counsel. 
Passing  a  group  of  British  officers  one  evening  in 
Cornhill  he  exclaimed  to  his  companion :  ''  I  hope 
some  time  we  shall  wade  knee-deep  in  those  fellows' 
blood";  yet  even  after  Lexington  he  hoped  and 
worked  for  reconciliation.  As  he  walked  out  over  the 
Neck  one  day  to  visit  his  mother,  here  in  Roxbury, 
one  of  a  group  of    officers    called    out    to    him  as  he 

(56) 


passed,  near  what  is  now  Dover  street,  "  Go  on, 
Warren,  you  will  soon  come  to  the  gallows," — which 
stood  on  the  Neck  a  short  distance  beyond.  Turning 
on  his  heel,  and  walking  straight  up  to  them,  un- 
armed as  he  was,  he  demanded  peremptorily  which 
of  them  had  said  it.  None  dared  reply ;  all  turned 
and  walked  away.  Yet  he  advised  strongly  and 
wisely  against  fortifying  Bunker  Hill,  —  so  near  the 
enemy,  so  far  from  our  reserves,  with  our  forces 
so  raw  and  unorganized.  A  remarkable  blending  of 
opposites  into  a  symmetrical  and  brilliant  whole. 
John  Adams  —  the  highest  possible  authority  on 
such  a  question  —  in  his  extreme  old  age  and  retire- 
ment half  a  century  later,  looking  back  on  those 
years,  spoke  of  Dr.  Warren,  who  had  been  his  per- 
sonal friend  and  family  physician,  and  Josiah  Quincy, 
Jr.,  who  died  even  more  prematurely,  as  the  finest 
minds  and  characters  of  the  period  preceding  the 
war. 

The  die  was  now  cast,  and  with  his  oration  of 
March  6th,  Warren's  "  hundred  days "  begin,  a  period 
crowded  with  vigorous,  stirring,  incessant  action. 
Events  move  rapidly.  He  is  now  the  undisputed 
and  recognized  leader.  His  ardent  temperament 
plunged  him  at  once  into  the  absorbing  and  con- 
genial work  of  the  Committee  of  Safety,  of  which 
he  was  chairman,  and  of  the  Provincial  Congress,  of 
which  he  was  President.  On  April  3d  he  writes  to 
a  friend  in  England  :  "  America  must  and  will  be  free. 

(57) 


The  contest  may  be  severe ;  the  end  will  be  glorious." 
On  the  eve  of  Lexington  he  sent  Paul  Revere  on  his 
famous  midnight  errand,  and  earl}'  the  next  morning 
himself  hurried  to  the  scene  of  action,  followed  it 
all  day,  and  narrowly  escaped  death  by  a  ball  Avhicli 
carried  away  a  lock  of  his  hair. 

The  next  day  he  wrote  a  passionate  and  stirring 
appeal  to  the  towns  for  men,  in  which  he  says :  "  Our 
all  is  at  stake.  Death  and  devastation  are  the  instant 
consequences  of  delay.  Every  moment  is  infinitely 
precious.  An  hour  lost  may  deluge  your  country  in 
blood,  and  entail  perpetual  slavery  upon  the  few  of 
your  posterity  who  may  survive  the  carnage.  We  beg 
and  entreat,  as  you  will  answer  to  your  country,  to 
your  own  consciences,  and,  above  all,  as  you  will 
answer  to  God  himself,  that  you  will  hasten  and  en- 
courage by  all  possible  means  the  enlistment  of  men 
to  form  the  army,  and  send  them  forward  to  head- 
quarters at  Cambridge  with  that  expedition  which  the 
vast  importance  and  instant  urgency  of  the  affair 
demand." 

On  the  same  day  he  wrote  to  General  Gage  about 
the  removal  from  Boston  of  those  inhabitants  who 
desired  to  leave,  and  adds  candidly  and  regret- 
fully :  "I  have  many  things  which  I  wish  to  say  to 
Your  Excellency,  and  most  sincerely  wish  I  had  broken 
through  the  formalities  which  I  thought  due  to  your 
rank,  and  freely  have  told  you  all  I  knew  or  thought 
of  public  affairs;    and  1  must  ever  confess,  whatever 


may  be  the  event,  that  you  generously  gave  me  such 
opening,  as  I  now  think  I  ought  to  have  embraced; 
but  the  true  cause  of  my  not  doing  it  was  the  knowl- 
edge I  had  of  the  vileness  and  treachery  of  many 
persons  around  you,  who,  I  supposed,  had  gained  your 
entire  confidence." 

On  April  27th  he  writes  to  a  friend  in  England 
warning  the  mother  country  of  the  critical  condition 
of  affairs,  and  closes  as  follows :  "  The  next  news 
from  England  must  be  conciliatory,  or  the  connection 
between  us  ends,  however  fatal  the  consequences  may 
be.  Prudence  may  yet  alleviate  the  misfortunes 
and  calm  the  convulsions  into  which  the  empire  is 
thrown  by  the  madness  of  the  present  Administration. 
May  Almighty  God  direct  you.  If  anything  is  pro- 
posed that  may  be  for  the  honor  and  safety  of  Great 
Britain  and  these  Colonies,  my  utmost  efforts  shall  not 
be  wanting." 

Offered  the  position  of  Physician  General  in  the 
patriot  army  he  declined  it,  and  "  preferring  a  more 
active  and  hazardous  employment "  he  accepted  a 
Major-General's  commission    on   June    14th. 

The  tragedy  of  his  death  is  immeasurably  enhanced 
by  the  fact  that,  though  his  advice  had  been  against 
fortifying  the  Charlestown  heights,  yet  with  absolute 
loyalty  both  to  the  military  commanders  and  to  his 
country  he  acquiesced,  and  threw  himself  with  ardor 
into  the  redoubt,  the  very  centre  of  the  hottest  fire. 
Friends    remonstrated    with    him    the   evening  before 

(59) 


for  the  unnecessary  exposure  of  himself  which  he 
proposed ;  but  he  replied  sublimely,  with  a  smile, 
"Dulce  et  decorum  est  pro  patria  mori."  On  the 
field  itself,  at  the  rail  fence  where  he  first  arrived, 
his  old  friend  Israel  Putnam  begged  him, —  after 
he  had  modestly  declined  the  proffered  command  • 
there,  —  to  keep  himself  in  a  place  of  safety  and  let 
older  and  less  valuable  lives  be  exposed  to  the  fire. 
He,  however,  insisted  chivalrously  upon  seeking  the 
post  of  greatest  danger  in  the  redoubt,  where  he 
also  declined  the  command  tendered  him  by  Prescott, 
saying  that  he  came  only  as  a  volunteer  to  learn 
from  more  experienced  fighters.  He  fought  musket 
in  hand,  being  the  last  to  withdraw  when  retreat 
became  necessary.  Struck  in  the  side  by  a  ball 
which  he  believed  to  be  fatal,  and  bleeding  j^rofusely 
from  the  wound,  he  cried  out,  "  I  am  a  dead  man  ; 
fight  on,  my  brave  fellows,  for  the  salvation  of  your 
country."  The  next  moment  a  bullet  pierced  his 
brain  and  all  was  over. 

The  pathos  and  glory  of  his  death  make  him  the 
bright  exemplar  of  the  patriot  hero  of  the  Revolu- 
tion and  of  all  time.  Happy  the  city  that  can  honor 
such  a  memory  among  her  sons,  that  embraces  within 
her  historic  borders  the  scenes  of  his  birth,  of  his 
deeds,  of  his  death,  and  can  raise  his  effigy  as  a 
model  and  an  inspiration  to  her  citizens,  to  their  fellow- 
countrymen,  to  all  lovers  of  liberty,  forever !  Fondly 
and   sadly  will   the  imagination  always  dwell  on  the 

(60) 


career  that  would  have  been  his  had  he  lived.  We 
shall  picture  him  as  the  friend  and  associate  of 
Washington  in  the  field,  and  later  in  the  councils 
which  framed  and  launched  the  new  republic,  and 
shall  see  him  achieving  the  fame  which  must 
have  been  his  in  both  civil  and  military  affairs. 
Yet  we  would  not  have  it  otherwise  if  we  could ! 
We  would  not  rob  of  one  of  its  noblest  members 
that  shining  band  of  the  world's  immortal  youth  who 
in  every  age  and  in  many  lands  have,  in  the  bright 
morning  of  life,  gloriously  given  all  for  freedom,  for 
country,  for  mankind ! 


(61) 


THE    PARADE. 


'mJim  - 


CAPT,    ISAAC    P.    GRAGG    AND    STAFF. 


ROSTER   OF  THE   PARADE. 


WHILE  the  official  city  exercises  were  being 
held  at  the  monument,  the  parade  formed  on 
Winthrop  and  Moreland  streets,  the  Chief  Marshal's 
headquarters  being  at  the  junction  of  Greenfield  and 
Winthrop  streets.  The  organization,  numbering  in 
all  about  1,500  men,  reported  promptly  at  eleven 
o'clock,  and  a  ration  of  coffee  and  sandwiches  was 
served  to  them  in  line.  The  formation  of  the 
column  was  as  follows: 

Mounted  Police,  eight  men  under  Sergt.  George  H.  Guard. 

Chief  Marshal,  Capt.  Isaac  P.  Gragg. 

Assistant  Adjutant-General,  Capt.  Oliver  D.  Greene. 

Chief  Marshal's  Colors  (blue  and  buff),  Sergt.  John  C.  Aken,  bearer. 
Bugler,  Harry  F.  Greene. 

Staff. 

Chief    Aid,     Lieut.-Col.     John     Perrins,     Jr.  ;     Quartermaster,    Capt. 
Winthrop    M.     Merrill;     Commissary,     Charles     B.    Woolley; 
Surgeon,    Major  William    H.    Emery;    Assistant  Sur- 
geon,   Lieut.    Joseph   C.    Stedman;    Assistant 
Surgeon,    C.   Earle   Williams. 

(65) 


Aids. 

Capt.  Charles  W.  C.   Rhoades,  Capt.  Albert  W.  Hersoy,  Lieut.  John  D. 

Drum,  Lieut.  Frederick  B.  Philbrook,  Lieut.  Daniel  A.  Buckley, 

Sergt.-Maj.   George  W.  States,   Sergt.  Elon   F.  Tandy, 

Adjt.  John  Gilman,  Jr.;  P.  C,  John  C.  Cook, 

William  B.  C.  Noyes,  and  JolinL.  Kelley. 

First  Regiment  Heavy  Artillery  M.  V.  M.  Band. 

Battery  D  —  First  Regiment  Heavy  Artillery,  M.  V.  M. — Roibury  City 

Guard,  formerly  the  Roxbury  Artillery  Company,  organized  in 

1784;  Capt.  Joseph  H.  Frothingham,  Ist  Lieut.  Norman  P, 

Cormack,  2d  Lieut.  Frederick  Spenceley  — 100  men. 

Company  C,  Ninth  Regiment.,  M.  V.  M.,  Capt.  Thomas  F.  Quinlan,  1st 
Lieut.  Maurice  E.  Bowler,  2d  Lieut.  Michael  J.  King  —  60  men. 

Troop  D,  First  Battalion,  Cavalry,  M.  V.  M.,  Capt.  William  H.  Kelley, 
Ist  Lieut.  Eugene  A.  Colburn,  2d  Lieut.  Samuel  T.  Sinclair  —  70  men. 

Provisional  Detachment  of  the  Naval  Brigade,  M.  V.  M.,  composed  of 

Roxbury  men  —  Lieut.    William  A.   Lewis,  Lieut.  Dudley 

M.  Tray,  Ensign  Edward  A.  Stowe  —  70  men. 

Officers  of  the  Joseph  Warren  Monument  Association  and  the  Roxbury 
Historical  Society  in  carriages: 

First  Carriage, 

Solomon  A.  Bolster,  president;  L.  Foster  Morse,  vice-president;  John  F. 
Newton,  vice-president;  John  Carr,  treasurer;  with  banner  car- 
ried at  the  Lexington  Centennial  in  1875. 

Second  Carriage. 

Frank  B.  Perkins,  Lewis  B.  Morse,  George  H.  Waterman  and  Francis 
J.    Ward,  with  banner  carried  by  the  Roxbury  delega- 
tion at  the  laying  of  the  corner-stone  of 
the  Bunker  Hill  Monument. 

Third  Carriage. 

George  R.  Emerson,  Dr.  Edward  G.  Morse,    William  O.   Curtis,  and 
Herbert  F.  Morse. 

Fourth  Carriage. 

Dependence  S.  Waterman,  Henry  A.  May,  Dr.   George   Warren,   and 

J.  L.  Hillard. 

(66) 


Carter's  Band. 

Thomas  Q.  Stevenson  Post  26,  Gr.  A.  R.,  William  B.  Gove,  commander; 

Joseph   E.    Stevens,    S.    V.    C. ;    Edwin   S.    Davis, 

J.  V.  C;  Adjt.  David  L.  Jones  —  75  men. 

Roxbury  Command  291,  Spanish  War  Veterans,  Commander  Frank  H. 

Hall,  Ist  Lieut.  John  Gately,  2d  Lieut. 

George  S.  Hazlett  —  75  men. 

Nelson  A.  Miles  Camp,  Sons  of  Veterans,  Commander  Sherwin  L.  Cook; 

S.  V.  C,  Frederick  H.  Robinson;  J.  V.  C, 

J.  H.  Stevenson  —  30  men. 

Third   Battalion,    Second   Regiment   Boston  School  Brigade,  Roxbury 

and  West  Rexbury  High  Schools,  Maj.  Charles  H. 

Kent,  Adjt.  Henry  W.  Stucklen. 

Company  A — Capt.  Frederick  A.  Cronin,  Lieut.  Norman  F.  Faunce, 
Lieut.  Walter  E.  Kelley. 

Company  B  —  Capt.  Stanley  H.  Packard,  Lieut.  Leon  T.  Allen,  Lieut. 
Albert  E.  Kelleher. 

Company  C  —Capt.  Joseph  R.  Gillis,  Lieut.  William  J.  Deed,  jr.,  Lieut. 

Frank  S.  Lane. 

Company  G — Capt.  T.  Frank   Walsh,  Lieut.  John  J.  Reilley,  Lieut. 
Lamert  S.  Corbett  — 165  men, 

Dudley  School  Cadets,  in  charge  of  Sub-Master  Edward  F.  O'Dowd. 
Drum  Corps,  Sergt.  George  Harrington,  leader. 

Company  A  —  Capt.  Henry  Hayes,  1st  Lieut.  George  Conklin,  2d  Lieut, 
Clifford  Munroe. 

Company  B  —  Capt.    Walter   McCarthy,  1st  Lieut.  Henry  Conklin,  2d 
Lieut.  Walter  Vatter  —  70  men. 

Boston  Cadet  Band. 

Warren  Lodge  18,1.  O.  O.  F.  —  Noble  Grand  Thomas  Hunter,  Secre- 
tary William  L.  Hicks  —  50  men. 

Putnam  Lodge  81,  I.  O.  O.  F.  —  Noble  Grand  John  V.  Anderson,  Secre- 
tary Lewis  A.  Sommers  —  50  men. 

Quinobequin  Lodge  70,  I.  O.  O.  F.  —Noble  Grand  Howard  A.  S.  Dixon, 
Secretary  Rudolph  Lippold  —  50  men. 

(67) 


Roxbury  Lodge  211,  I.  O.  O.  F.— Noble  (Irand  C.  Henry  Lenth,  Sec- 
retary Eorace  H.  Burnham  —  35  men. 

Postal  Association  Band. 

Roxbury  Postal  Association  —  Commander  D.  J.  McCarthy,  Adjt.  D. 
J.  Gleason  —  100  men. 

Clan  Ramsay  145,  Order  of  Scottish  Clans  (Bagpipe  and  Drum  Band)  — 
Chief  William  N.  McLeod,  Secretary  Thomas  Donald  —  75  men. 

Roxbury  Veteran  Firemen's  Association  (with  old  hand-engine,   Tre- 
mont  7)  —  President  John  Mulhern,  Secretary  John  McCarthy. 
Carriage  containing  Thomas  J.  Downey,Dennis  A.  Knee- 
land,  John  Cotfey,  and  D.  J.  Curley  —  75  men. 

Detachment  from  Boston  Fire  Department  —  District  Chief  Edward  H. 
Sawyer,  commanding. 

Engine  Company  13  (with  hose  wagon)  —  Capt.  W.  J.   Gaffey,  Lieut. 
T.  E.  Conroy  —  10  men. 

Combination  Ladder  Truck,  Ladder  6 — Capt.  J.  P.  McManus,  Lieut. 
D.  McLean  —  10  men. 

Protective  Department   Wagon  —  Capt.    Henry   E.  Thompson,    Lieut. 
John  H.  Lane  —  7  men. 

Mounted  Police  —  2  men. 


The  line  of  march  was  about  three  miles  long. 
The  column  started  promptly  at  12  o'clock  from 
the  corner  of  Winthrop  street  and  Kearsarge  avenue, 
and  moved  over  Kearsarge  avenue  to  Warren  street, 
past  the  Warren  Monument,  where  it  was  reviewed 
by  the  Mayor,  Brig.-Gen.  N.  A.  M.  Dudley,  and  the 
city's  guests ;  thence  through  Warren  street  to  Waum- 
beck  street,  to  Humboldt  and  Walnut  avenues,  to  Dale, 
Oakland,  Thornton,  Ellis  and  Hawthorne  streets,  to 
Highland    avenue,    to    Fort    Avenue,    to    Cedar    and 

(68) 


Highland  streets,  to  Eliot  square,  to  Bartlett  street, 
where  it  was  reviewed  by  the  Chief  Marshal  and 
dismissed. 

Every  street  along  the  route  was  crowded  with 
sightseers.  Roxbury's  local  population  was  augmented 
by  several  thousand  persons  from  other  sections  of 
the  city.  The  decorations  of  the  residences  on  the 
route  of  march  gave  that  section  of  old  Roxbury 
the  look  of  a  true  holiday. 


(69) 


THE    BANQUET. 


THE    BANQUET. 


AT  three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  about  two 
^  hundred  representative  citizens  of  Roxbury 
assembled  in  Symposia  Hall,  Masonic  Temple,  for 
the  banquet.  They  were  received  with  cordial  hos- 
pitality by  the  Masonic  brethren,  who  permitted 
an  inspection  of  the  various  halls  decorated  for 
the  occasion  with  palms  and  potted  plants.  Before 
going  in  to  dinner  an  informal  reception  was  held 
by  Governor  Bates  in  the  Lodge  room. 

The  Hon.  Solomon  A.  Bolster,  president  of  the 
general  committee,  sat  at  the  head  of  the  table. 
"With  him  were  His  Excellency  John  L.  Bates, 
Governor  of  the  Commonwealth,  who  was  accom- 
panied by  Lieut.-Col.  John  Perrins,  Jr.,  and  Maj. 
William  M.  Clarke  of  his  staff;  His  Honor  Patrick 
A.  Collins,  Mayor  of  the  City;  the  Hon.  Charles  S. 
Hamlin,  formerly  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Treasury ; 
the  Hon.  John  A.  Sullivan,  member  of  Congress; 
the  Hon.  Charles  T.  Gallagher,  representing  the 
Masonic    fraternity;     L.    Foster    Morse,    Esq.,    Capt. 

(73) 


Isaac   P.    Gragg,    the   Chief    Marshal,   and   the   Rev. 
Frederick  W.  Hamilton. 

The  dinner  having  been  served,  Colonel  Bolster 
spoke  briefly,  welcoming  the  guests  to  the  festival, 
and  introducing  the  Hon.  William  M.  Olin  as  toast- 
master. 


(74) 


THE    BAS-RELIEF    ON    THE    WARREN    MONUMENT. 


ADDRESS 


Of  His  Excellency  John  L.  Bates, 

Governor  of  Massachusetts. 


Mr.  Toastmaster,  Fellow-citizens  : 

It  is  a  pleasure  to  respond  to  your  introduction, 
and  to  greet  this  audience.  This  event  shows  that 
the  citizens  of  Roxbury  have  long  memories,  and 
are  of  those  who,  in  the  full  enjoyment  of  the 
blessings  of  liberty,  forget  neither  the  names  of 
those  who  made  possible  that  liberty  nor  the  price 
they  paid  for  it. 

While  the  erection  of  a  monument  to  Joseph 
Warren  has  been  long  delayed,  its  dedication  at  this 
time  is  all  the  more  significant ;  it  indicates  the 
strength  of  a  life  that  can  so  move  men  over  the 
expanse  of  a  hundred  years.  The  world  is  familiar 
with  those  spasms  of  sentiment  that  cause  the  erection 
of  memorials  to  the  departed  while  the  heart  still 
grieves  and  the  shadow  of  the  loss  still  oppresses, 
but    rare,  indeed,  are   the    occasions    when    after   the 

(15) 


lapse  of  a  century  a  people  are  moved  to  honor  one 
as  you  to-day  honor  Warren. 

One  characteristic  of  the  man  seemed  to  dominate 
his  entire  life.  It  was  his  unselfishness.  The  vision 
of  some  men  is  limited  to  the  horizon  of  self. 
Warren  was  far-sighted.  His  horizon  was  as  broad 
as  his  country.  Intense  was  his  love  of  his  country- 
men. "Your  life  is  too  valuable,  risk  it  not  in  battle," 
they  said  to  him.  But  he  knew  of  nothing  too  valu- 
able to  risk  for  the  liberties  of  men. 

In  this  spirit  he  typified  all  that  is  best  in  this 
Commonwealth.  Massachusetts  has  made  a  wonderful 
record  of  achievement.  Her  sons  and  daughters  have 
been  successful.  They  have  made  great  conquests  in 
the  fields  of  industry,  invention,  art  and  science.  She 
has  accumulated  great  wealth.  She  has  built  up  a 
marvellous  prosperity  on  a  barren  soil  of  rock  and 
sand.  But  it  is  not  these  things  that  have  made  her 
truly  great.  Her  greatness  rather  is  in  the  fact  that 
she  has  not  lived  to  herself  alone.  Like  Warren,  she 
has  looked  out  upon  a  broad  horizon,  and  her  renown 
is  not  because  of  what  she  has  done  within  her  borders, 
but  rather  because  of  what  she  has  done  beyond.  It 
was  not  for  Massachusetts  alone  that  her  minute-men 
gathered  at  Concord  Bridge,  but  for  twelve  other  col- 
onies as  well.  It  was  not  to  give  her  alone  liberty 
that  her  patriots  died  on  Bunker's  Hill,  but  that 
the  principles  of  liberty  might  be  vindicated  for  the 
oppressed  everywhere.     It  was  not  for  Massachusetts 

(76) 


that  Garrison,  Sumner,  and  Phillips  spent  their  lives, 
but  for  the  enslaved  far  away.  It  was  not  for  Massa- 
chusetts that  our  Sixth  Regiment  marched  through 
Baltimore,  nor  was  it  for  Massachusetts,  but  for  human- 
ity's sake,  that  her  Second  and  her  Ninth  Regiments 
held  the  right  and  the  left  of  the  line  at  Santiago. 
Her  inventors  have  given  not  to  her,  but  to  the  world, 
the  cotton  gin,  the  sewing  machine,  the  telegraph,  the 
telephone.  Her  wealth,  accumulated  by  tireless  indus- 
try, has  not  been  hoarded  in  her  vaults,  but  has  gone 
forth  to  build  the  railways  and  the  cities,  to  develop 
the  prairies  and  mines  of  the  West.  Her  institutions 
of  learning  have  opened  their  doors  to  the  youth  of 
every  land,  and  her  preachers,  her  poets,  and  her 
statesmen  have  proclaimed  truths,  sung  songs,  and 
vindicated  policies  for  the  uplifting  of  men  every- 
where. As  the  representative  of  such  a  Common- 
wealth, I  come  to-day  to  express  her  congratulations 
that  here,  near  his  old  home,  the  descendants  of  his 
old  neighbors,  and  those  who  have  joined  them  in 
this  community,  have  seen  fit  to  honor  a  memory 
that  Massachusetts  will  ever  hold  dear  —  the  memory 
of  Warren,  the  Patriot. 


(77) 


ADDRESS 


By   His   Honor   Patrick   a.    Collins, 

Mayor  of  Boston. 


Mr.   Toastmaster ,  Fellow-citizens  : 

I  congratulate  the  citizens  of  this  part  of  the  town 
on  their  achievement  culminating  to-day  in  erecting 
a  monument  to  Roxbury's  most  illustrious  son.  I 
congratulate  the  committee  on  this  gala  day,  made 
possible  by  contributions  from  the  citizens  of  Rox- 
bury,  and  without  any  application  having  been  made 
to  the  city  treasury,  a  fact  which  makes  me  feel 
that  this  is  a  district  whose  people  do  their  own 
thinking  and  pay  their  own  bills. 

Such  a  memorial  as  the  Warren  Monument  has 
not  merely  an  artistic,  but  an  educational  and  patri- 
otic value.  It  arrests  the  attention  of  the  passer  by, 
and  directs  his  attention  to  a  career.  This  monument 
will  teach  a  lesson  of  patriotism  through  Warren's 
example  of  sacrifice.  No  extremely  selfish  man  can 
ever  make  a  true  patriot;  and  to-day,  as  in  the  past, 
every  good   citizen   must   make  whatever   sacrifice   is 

(78) 


necessary  to  that  eternal  vigilance  which  is  still  the 
price  of  liberty. 

This  is  what  the  Warren  Monument  will  teach ;  it 
will  inspire  the  men,  the  women,  and  the  children  of 
all  future  generations  to  learn  from  the  past,  and  to 
become  better  citizens  of  Boston,  of  the  Common- 
wealth, and  of  the   Republic. 


(79) 


SPEECH 

By  the  Hon.  Charles  S.  Hamlin. 


Gentlemen,  —  It  gives  me  pleasure  to  come  back 
to  Roxbury  and  to  take  part  in  this  truly  memorable 
occasion.  I  feel  that  I  have  a  right  to  be  here,  for 
the  greater  part  of  my  early  life  was  passed  in 
Roxbury. 

I  remember  so  well  the  many  delightful  days  I 
have  spent  roaming  through  the  woods  and  over 
the  meadows.  In  those  days  Roxbury  was  more 
sparsely  settled  than  it  is  to-day,  and  French's  woods, 
Harris'  pond,  and  the  lowering  cliffs  of  Washington 
street,  then  called  Shawmut  avenue,  afforded  ample 
playgrounds  for  adventurous  youth.  I  could  spend 
much  time  telling  you  of  my  experiences  in  the 
public  schools  —  the  Primary  School  at  Winthrop 
street,  then  presided  over  by  Miss  Brooks  —  and  I 
am  told  that  she  is  living  and  teaching  to-day  — 
of  the  Lewis  School,  of  the  Roxbury  Latin  School, 
where  I  spent  seven  profitable  years.  I  could  tell 
of  the  excellent  instruction  we  received  in  that 
school,    especially    in     Latin ;    I    could    tell    of    the 

(80) 


contests  between  the  Latin  School  boys  and  their 
Roxbury  High  School  companions,  of  the  military 
drills  and  the  contests  arising  therein.  I  remember 
so  well  other  diversions  of  boyhood  —  the  Old 
Institute  Hall,  where  we  used  to  gather  together  in 
competition  at  spelling  bees ;  of  the  blood-curdling 
tragedy  known  as  the  "  Drummer  Boy  of  Malvern 
Hill,"  which  used  to  be  given  yearly  for  some 
charitable  purpose  —  the  Roxbury  Horse  Guards, 
with  their  blue  uniforms,  taking  the  part  of  the 
Union  troops,  and  another  organization  —  I  think  it 
was  called  the  Norfolk  Grays  —  taking  the  Con- 
federate side.  I  remember  well  the  entertainments 
provided  by  the  city  on  the  Fourth  of  July,  and 
many  other  interesting  events,  more  so  perhaps  to 
me  than  to  you. 

I  wish  I  had  time  to  say  something  of  the  many 
valued  citizens  of  Roxbury  whose  memory  we  will 
always  cherish  —  of  Dr.  Putnam,  William  Lloyd  Gar- 
rison, Edward  Everett  Hale,  Charles  Dillaway,  Mr. 
Weston,  Principal  of  the  Roxbury  High  School,  and 
that  renowned  educator,  Mr.  Collar,  still  with  us,  and 
carrying  on  his  valuable  work.  I  could  speak  of 
Colonel  Hodges  of  the  Roxbury  Horse  Guards, 
of  Mayors  Curtis  and  Lewis,  of  Samuel  Little, 
of  Mayor  Gaston,  and  Colonel  Olin,  the  Secretary  of 
State,  whom  we  are  delighted  to  see  here  to-day; 
nor  should  we  forget  the  impressive  personality  of 
Admiral  Winslow. 

(81) 


But  time  will  not  suffice  for  these  reminiscences, 
and  I  must  come  directly  to  the  subject  of  my  short 
address. 

It  is  most  difficult  to  realize  the  wonderful  devel- 
opment of  our  country  since  Colonial  days.  The 
early  Colonists,  originally  more  or  less  independent 
communities,  soon  found  that  they  must  come  to- 
gether and  enter  into  a  kind  of  confederation  to 
meet  the  assavdts  of  hostile  Indians ;  then  quickly 
followed  the  irritating  differences  with  the  mother 
country,  which  brought  forth  the  Committees  of 
Correspondence ;  the  next  step  produced  the  Conti- 
nental Congress,  which  proclaimed  that  marvelous 
document,  the  Declaration  of  Independence ;  the 
transition  from  the  Articles  of  Confederation,  which 
followed,  to  our  present  Constitutional  government 
need  only  be  mentioned,  as  it  is  familiar  to  all. 

We  owe  much  to  General  "Warren  —  one  of  the 
original  founders  of  our  country's  greatness.  He 
gave  up  his  life  to  lay  the  corner-stone  on  which 
our  country's  prosperity  was  to  be  built,  and  it  is 
fitting  that  we  should  gather  together  to-day  to 
honor   his   memory. 

We  must  recognize,  however,  great  change  in  our 
government,  comparing  the  present  time  with  the 
period  following  the  establishment  of  the  Constitution. 
The  United  States  has  changed  with  years.  We  have 
to-day  a  very  different  idea  of  our  government  from 
that  held  in  early  times.     Even   under   the  Constitu- 

(82) 


tion  the  prevailing  theory  was  that  the  United  States 
at  that  time  meant  little  more  than  a  Confederation 
of  States.  Bolder  theorists,  such  as  Hamilton,  were 
looked  upon  as  extremists.  It  was  only  under  the 
inspiring  judicial  decisions  of  John  Marshall  that  the 
conception  of  a  National  Union  took  a  firm  place  in 
the  minds  of  our  people.  This  conception  has  been 
further  developed  until  at  home  and  abroad  we  recog- 
nize that  our  National  government  is  one  great  nation, 
and  that  this  national  unity  can  exist  without  conflict- 
ing with  the  rights  of  the  Confederated  States  —  rights 
as  valuable  to-day,  and  which  should  be  held  as  sacred 
to-day,  as  at  any  time  in  our  national  history.  We 
must  recognize,  I  say,  this  national  unity  as  universal, 
although  in  striking  contrast  with  the  once  prevailing 
opinion  that  the  rights  of  the  states  were  paramount, 
and  that  of  the  nation  secondary.  This  radical  change 
we  shall  recognize  at  once  when  we  consider  the  term 
"United  States,"  as  used  in  present  and  in  olden 
times. 

In  the  treaty  with  Great  Britain,  after  the  Revolu- 
tionary War,  the  term  "  United  States  "  was  followed 
by  the  plural  verb ;  in  the  treaty  with  Spain,  however, 
after  the  recent  Spanish  War,  this  spirit  of  national 
unity  was  recognized  by  a  single  verb  following  the 
term  "  United  States."  This  is  but  the  recognition  of 
what  we  all  know  to  be  a  fact  —  that  we  stand  forth 
to-day  as  a  nation. 

If  I  can  only    bring    one    suggestion,  one  thought, 

(83) 


home  to  your  minds,  I  would  wish  it  to  be  this  — 
that  while  there  may  be  political  differences  amongst 
us  in  town,  city,  country  or  state,  yet  when  it  comes 
to  questions  concerning  nations  —  international  ques- 
tions—  we  can  know  no  such  differences,  but  will 
confront  other  nations  as  one  united,  harmonious 
people. 


(84) 


WARREN   AS   A  MASON. 

RESPONDED    TO     BY    THE    HON.    CHARLES     T.    GALLAGHER, 

Past  Grand  Master  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Masons  in  Massachusetts. 


After  paying  a  tribute  to  the  men  of  Roxbury 
and  the  Joseph  Warren  organization  for  the  great 
work  they  had  accomplished,  culminating  in  the 
events  of  the  day,  Mr.  Gallagher  spoke  in  substance 
as  follows  : 

In  the  war  in  which  Warren  fell  Masonry  occu- 
pied a  prominent  part.  At  the  time  of  his  death 
the  patriot,  himself  a  member  of  the  old  St. 
Andrew's  Lodge,  was  Provincial  Grand  Master  of 
Masons  of  North  America.  Gridley,  the  engineer  who 
laid  out  the  fortifications  at  Bunker  Hill,  was  Deputy 
Grand  Master.  Warren,  Bowdoin,  and  Pemberton, 
all  Masons,  were  of  the  Committee  to  commemorate 
the  Boston  Massacre,  and  Warren  served  with  John 
Hancock  and  Paul  Revere,  both  former  Grand 
Masters,  on  the  Committee  of  Public  Safety.  Thomas 
Dawes,  another  Mason,  was  sent  out  by  Warren,  on 
the  same  errand   as    Paul  Revere,  to  alarm    Concord 

(85) 


and  Lexington  on  the  night  of  April  18,  1775. 
Palling,  who  hung  the  lantern  in  the  North  Church 
for  Revere,  was  a  Mason  of  Marblehead  Lodge. 
The  party  that  destroyed  the  Gaspe  started  from  a 
Masonic  Lodge  in  Narragansett  Bay ;  and  the  greater 
part  of  the  men  of  the  Boston  Tea  Party  went 
directly  from  the  St.  Andrew's  lodge  room,  in  the 
Green  Dragon  Tavern  on  Union  street,  to  Griffin's 
Wharf,  where  they  threw  the  tea  into  the  harbor  — 
in  fact,  so  prominent  were  Masons  in  those  troublous 
times  that  the  British  looked  upon  the  St.  Andrew's 
lodge  room  in  Green  Dragon  Tavern  as  "  a  nest 
where  rebel  plots  were  hatched."  In  the  British 
ranks  at  Bunker  Hill  it  was  a  Mason — an  officer  — 
who  prevented  the  severing  of  Warren's  head  from 
his  body,  and  protested,  though  in  vain,  against  the 
hero's  burial  in  a  trench  with  common  soldiers. 

All  of  Washington's  generals  were  Masons  —  La- 
fayette, the  last  to  join  the  order,  being  made  a  Mason 
at  Valley  Forge.  In  the  formation  of  the  govern- 
ment, moreover,  Masonry  was  as  important  a  factor 
as  in  the  war.  A  majority  at  least  of  the  signers 
of  the  Declaration  of  Independence  and  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  Constitutional  Convention  were  Masons. 
And  all  these  exemplified  in  their  lives  the  principles 
of  the  order  which  inspires,  at  all  times,  devotion  to 
country  and  resistance  to  oppression  and  tyranny. 

The  only  thing  akin  to  aristocracy  and  royalty  in 
outward  form  was  found  in  the  regalia  and  symbols 

(86) 


of  the  fraternity;  and  the  principles  of  equality,  rep- 
resentative elections  of  officers,  submission  to  rulers 
in  authority  for  the  time  being,  the  sovereignity  of 
the  various  Grand  Lodges  independent  of  each  other, 
the  simplicity  of  the  order,  and  the  high  moral  char- 
acter and  standard  observed,  all  combined  to  suggest 
principles  and  forms  of  government  that  found 
expression  in  the  various  local  and  state  political 
administrations;  in  fact,  the  anti-Masonic  crusade 
from  1826  to  1834,  beginning  with  the  quarrel 
between  DeWitt  Clinton,  Grand  Master  and  Governor 
of  New  York,  and  Thurlow  Weed,  was  purely  and 
entirely  a  political  attack  on  the  order  that  was 
feared  as  a  possible  political  organization,  because  it 
resembled  the  existing  methods  of  government  admin- 
istration. 

From  Warren,  who  faithfully  served  the  principles 
of  Masonry  and  liberty,  the  patriot  of  to-day  may 
learn  the  lesson  taught  by  his  nobility  of  character 
and  his  loyalty  to  country. 

"  His  life  was  gentle, 

And  the  elements  so  mixed  in  him 

That  nature  might  stand  up  and  say  to  all  the  world, 

This  was  a  man." 


(87) 


EXERCISES   AT  THE   CHURCH, 


THE  LITERARY  EXERCISES. 


THE  closing  event  of  the  day's  celebration  was  a 
public  meeting  in  the  First  Church  in  Eliot 
square.  It  was  attended  by  several  hundred  persons, 
and  among  those  present  were  delegations  from  the 
Joseph  Warren  Monument  Association,  the  Roxbury 
Historical  Society,  the  Masonic  Lodges  of  Roxbury, 
Thomas  G.  Stevenson  Post  26,  G.  A.  R.,  and  Nelson 
A.  Miles  Camp  46,  Sons  of  Veterans. 

The  church  was  decorated  within  and  without  with 
the  national  colors  and  festoons  of  laurel.  A  marble 
bust  of  Warren,  surmounted  by  silk  flags,  occupied 
a  place  of  honor  beneath  the  elevated  pulpit. 

The  order  of  exercises  was  as  follows: 


(91) 


PROGRAMME. 

FIRST    CHURCH    IN    ROXBURY. 

Evening  Service  — Dedication  Joseph  Warren 
monument. 

Friday,  June  17,  1904. 


1.  Voluntary.     .     .     .     Gardner  F.  Packard,  Organist. 

2.  Invocation       .     .      .     Rev.  Edward  Everett  Hale,  D.D. 

3.  Chorus,  "  To  Thee,  O,  Country." 

Pupils  of  the  Lewis  School. 

4.  Introductory  Remarks  .by  the  Presiding  Officer. 

Rev.  James  deNormandie,  D.D. 

5.  Solo,  "  Sword  of  Bunker  Hill." 

Comrade  John  E.  Gilman,  Post  26, 
G.  A.  R. 

6.  Address      ....     Rev.     Edward     Anderson,     late 

Colonel  Twelfth  Indiana  Cavalry. 

7.  Chorus,  "  To  Our  Flag." 

Pupils  of  the  Lewis  School. 

8.  Remarks      ....     Rev.  Edward  Everett  Hale,  D.D. 

9.  Chorus,  "Freedom's  Land." 

Grand  Arjiy  Glee  Club. 
10.     "America"     .     .     .     By  the  Congregation. 

(92) 


BUNKER    HILL    MONUMENT. 


INTRODUCTION 

By  the  Rev.  James  de  Noraundie. 


Two  persons  were  heard  to  say,  as  they  came  mto 
this  church  this  evening,  "  I  wish  I  could  sit  in 
General  Warren's  pew,"  but  it  was  the  church 
which  stood  on  the  same  site,  before  this  one  was 
built,  just  a  hundred  years  ago,  in  which  the 
Warren  family  worshipped.  In  that  church  were 
forty  large  pews,  and  of  those  forty,  nine  were  in 
the  names  of  those  who  were  officers  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary Army.  Pew  No.  6  was  in  the  name  of 
Warren.  That  church,  the  fourth  on  the  same  site, 
was  shattered  by  the  British  cannon  balls,  and  soon 
after  the  war  preparations  were  made  to  erect  this 
church,  which  was  dedicated  in  1804 ;  and  in  Pew  76 
of  this  house  General  William  Heath  worshipped. 

The  expression  falling  from  these  lips  bears  testi- 
mony to  one  of  the  strongest  sentiments  of  the 
human  heart  —  a  desire  to  pay  homage  to  those  who 
have  been  brave,  who  have  been  patriotic,  who  have 
despised  cowards  and  cowardly  conduct,  who  have 
loved  country  more  than  life.     We  like  to   visit   the 

(93) 


places  where  they  lived,  we  want  to  go  where  these 
brave  deeds  were  done,  we  hold  very  sacred  the  spot 
where  they  died,  we  treasure  their  memories,  we  set 
up  memorials  to  their  virtues.  It  has  been  said  that 
he  would  be  a  strange  man  indeed  who  could  not 
have  his  patriotism  aroused  by  a  visit  to  the  plains 
of  Marathon. 

The  sentiment  deepens  when  a  life,  just  in  open- 
ing manhood,  with  all  the  prizes  of  life  before  him, 
is  offered  up  for  his  country;  then  we  begin  to  pic- 
ture what  success,  what  glory,  what  usefulness  to  his 
land  might  have  come  with  added  years.  Then, 
too,  some  persons  write  what  they  call  the  "True 
Life"  of  the  man,  and  bring  out  whatever  faults  he 
had.  It  is  not  a  gracious  task.  After  the  battle  of 
Shiloh  a  number  of  clergymen  and  surgeons  were 
sent  to  the  relief  of  the  wounded  and  dying,  and  as 
the  boat  hastened  down  the  rapid  current  of  the 
Mississippi  the  clergymen  proposed  a  conference 
meeting  to  fit  them  for  the  scene  of  the  coming  day. 
There  was  a  great  deal  said  about  the  manner  in 
which  they  would  need  to  talk  to  the  dying,  thus 
suddenly  brought  face  to  face  with  the  future ; 
"men,"  as  they  said,  "who  had  lived  the  unconse- 
crated  life  of  the  camp,  perhaps  unbaptized,  uncon- 
verted, unprepared,"  and  many  of  those  mere  pro- 
fessional words  which  grate  so  harshly  before  the 
deeper  realities  of  life,  when  a  man  of  noble  bearing, 
his  countenance  all  beaming    with    love    of    God  and 

(94) 


love  of  man,  rose  and  said,  "  I  do  not  know  any- 
thing about  the  lives  of  these  dying  men;  I  know 
only  that  they  have  given  their  lives  for  lis;  I  am 
quite  willing  to  leave  them  to  the  justice  and  love 
of  God." 

Another  word  —  the  flag.  It  is  not  a  common 
sight  to  see  our  church  dressed  with  our  country's 
flag,  but  I  am  sure  there  come  occasions  when 
nothing  can  be  more  appropriate.  I  admire  our  flag, 
its  stars  and  stripes,  its  red,  white  and  blue.  In 
itself  I  think  it  the  most  beautiful  in  the  world; 
but  I  love  still  more  what  it  stood  for  when  its 
folds  first  floated  in  the  breeze,  and  what  it  does 
stand  for  to  the  oppressed  nations  of  the  world. 
One  day  as  I  was  on  the  deck  of  a  steamer  in  that 
wonderful  harbor,  the  Golden  Horn  of  Constantinople, 
toward  the  evening  of  a  beautiful  day  one  of  the 
finest  ships  of  our  navy,  at  that  time,  cast  anchor 
near  to  us.  As  salute  after  salute  was  given  and 
replied  to,  and  the  flag  waved  proudly  in  the  air  of 
that  down-trodden  land,  two  Turkish  officers  who 
had  been  among  our  passengers  turned  to  me  and 
said,  quietly  but  sadly,  '*'  In  that  flag  rests  the  hope 
of  the  world." 

My  friends,  the  talk  about  patriotism  is  cheap 
a)id  easy.  This  firework  patriotism  —  perhaps  it  is 
not  all  entirely  useless,  no  matter  how  much  it  wears 
upon  our  nerves  as  we  grow  older,  or  robs  us  of 
our   sleep.     I   confess    I    have   not   yet    lost   all   my 

(95) 


liking  for  a  noisy  Fourth  of  July ;  but  one  day  in 
the  year,  and  within  reasonable  bounds,  is  quite 
enough.  I  am  heart-sick  of  having  several  thousand 
young  persons  maimed,  ruined,  made  helpless  for  life, 
by  this  foolish  and  wicked  liberty  and  riot  and 
excess.  We  are  just  now  under  the  shadow  of  a 
terrible  calamity.  We  want,  my  friends,  not  only 
the  noise  of  patriotism,  not  only  the  talk  about 
patriotism,  we  want  the  real  thing.  We  want  that 
flag,  wherever  it  goes  over  the  world,  to  represent 
a  nation  that  stands  for  the  broadest,  truest,  divi- 
nest  idea  of  liberty,  which  offers  opportunity  and 
freedom  to  all  oppressed,  which  holds  no  land  subject 
to  it  for  a  moment  that  does  not  want  our  help  to 
independence  and  education  and  growth,  that  for- 
sakes no  land  that  does  want  our  help. 

There  is  a  two-fold  memorial.  We  want  not  only 
the  memorial  of  sentiment  which  sets  up  our  tablets 
and  statues,  but  we  want  the  memorial  of  character 
which  lives  and  dies  for  principles.  Make  our  services 
of  to-day  —  another  memorial  we  have  unveiled  to  this 
young  life  —  no  unmeaning  centenary,  but  let  each 
one  be  consecrated  anew  for  the  fullest  and  wisest 
freedom,  to  the  freest  and  most  unprejudiced  spread 
of  the  American  idea,  and  these  services  shall  not 
be  in  vain.  We  have  had  too  much  that  was  noble 
and  glorious  in  our  past  to  despair  of  our  future. 


(96) 


ORATION 


By   the   Rev.    Edward   Anderson, 

Late  Colonel  Twelfth  Indiana  Vol.  Cavalry. 


Wordsworth  says,  "The  child  is  father  of  the 
man."  Back  of  that  is  the  truth  that  the  man  is 
father  of  the  boy ;  and  it  leads  us  to  see  that  the 
parentage  of  the  boy  is  the  assurance  of  what  the 
man  is  to  be. 

We  Roxbury  boys,  who  remember  the  old  brown 
house  where  Warren  was  born,  can  recall  the  stories 
told  us  by  our  grandparents  of  the  father  and  mother 
of  the  statesman  and  soldier  of  whom  we  are  thinking 
to-day. 

Stretching  back  from  his  birthplace  was  what  w^as 
left  of  the  farm  on  which  stood  the  trees  of  Roxbury 
russets  (then  called  the  Warren  russets),  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty-three  of  which  were  cut  down 
during  the  siege,  when  in  1775  the  grounds  were 
occupied  by  Col.  David  Brewer's  regiment.  We 
boys  of  the  Roxbury  Latin  School  could  then  go 
"  cross-lots "  over  the  farm  that  now  is  covered  by 
houses  and  cut  up  into  paved  streets. 

Here  lived  and  died  the  father  of  our  hero,  killed 

(97) 


while  reaching  from  a  ladder  for  one  of  his  dusky 
but  rosy-cheeked  apples  —  blooming  as  tlie  blush 
over  the  face  of  a  lovely  Creole  —  leaving  the  farm 
and  the  four  boys  (Warren  was  then  fourteen  years 
old)  to  the  care  of  their  talented  mother.  Here  she 
made  a  home  for  her  children  and  grandchildren  till 
she  was  ninety  years  old ;  and  stories  that  were  tradi- 
tions still  came  to  us  boys  and  girls  of  Roxbury,  in  the 
30's  of  the  last  century,  of  her  wonderful  Thanks- 
giving pies. 

The  eldest  of  her  sons  was  the  coming  general,  and 
the  youngest  the  man  who  became  the  great  physician 
and  surgeon. 

Joseph  Warren,  born  in  1741,  was  of  the  Latin 
School  that  was  close  by  his  home.  Early  in  his  life 
he  showed  the  open-hearted  bravery  that  characterized 
his  later  life. 

His  noble  courage  he  had  inherited  from  his  remark- 
able mother,  who  was  known  by  her  neighbors  as 
"the  Pacifier."  By  her  rare  wisdom  and  coolness  and 
fearlessness  of  judgment  she  had  become  the  repository 
of  all  the  troubles  of  her  surrounding  friends. 

Warren  entered  Harvard  College  at  fourteen  years 
of  age,  and  here  his  bravery  to  principle  again  mani- 
fested itself.  (Here  were  related  incidents  of  his  col- 
lege days,  illustrating  this  fact.)  He  was  graduated 
after  four  years,  and  taught  the  grammar  school  in 
Roxbury  while  studying  medicine,  and  became  a  physi- 
cian at    twenty-three    years    of    age,    and    in  time  to 

(98) 


show  once  again  his  bravery  during  the  awful  siege 
of  smallpox  in  Boston.  He  became  the  family  physi- 
cian to  John  Adams. 

He  seems  not  to  have  known  what  fear  meant. 
One  evening  as  he  was  walking  to  Roxbury  over  the 
then  bleak  and  barren  Neck  —  washed  by  the  tide- 
water on  both  sides  of  what  is  now  Washington 
street,  where  stood  the  old  gallows  on  which  people 
were  hanged  for  their  crimes  —  after  he  had  passed 
three  British  officers,  one  of  them  threw  after  him 
the  remark,  "You'll  soon  come  to  the  gallows,"  and 
laughed.  Warren  turned  round,  and  facing  them  said, 
"  Which  of  you  three  made  that  remark  ?  He  shall 
eat  it."  Cowards  as  they  were,  they  quailed  under 
his  cold  but  determined  eyes,  and  apologized  as  they 
pointed  to  the  ghastly  drop  further  down  the  road. 

He  had  become  a  noted  patriot  and  orator,  and  led 
in  all  the  preliminaries  for  the  coming  struggle.  But 
he  was  a  poet  withal,  and  with  Samuel  Adams  had 
much  to  do  with  the  patriotic  songs  of  the  day.  One 
verse  from  his  poem,  "  Free  America,"  will  show  him 
at  once  poet  and  prophet: 

"  Some  future  day  shall  crown  us 

The  masters  of  the  main. 
Our  tieets  shall  speak  in  thunder 

To  England,  France  and  Spain  ; 
And  nations  o'er  the  ocean  spread 

Shall  tremble  and  obey 
The  sous,  the  sous,  the  sons,  the  sons 

Of  brave  America." 

(99) 


But  Warren  was  too  full  of  the  great  questions  of 
the  (lay  so  vital  to  our  country,  then  in  the  throes 
of  birth,  to  give  much  time  to  poetry,  save  as  he  could 
fire  the  patriot  blood  by  songs  of  war.  These,  sung 
on  march,  or  in  bivouac,  or  as  one  goes  into  battle, 
are  the  life  of  the  army.  Veterans  in  our  Civil  War 
remember  the  thrilling  effect  of  songs  that  swelled 
down  the  column  in  the  hot  and  dusty  march,  when 
some  one  struck  up  "  Tramp,  tramp,  tramp,  the 
boys  are  marching,"  or  "John  Brown's  body  lies 
mouldering  in  the  ground,"  or  our  "America." 

Though  holding  a  reserve  that  was  the  result  of  a 
sense  of  very  great  responsibility  in  the  affairs  of 
the  colonies,  Warren  was  ever  in  glad  touch  with 
the  people.  He  loved  to  join  in  everything  that 
could  make  men  better  and  more  united ;  and  so, 
when  he  was  only  twenty  years  of  age,  he  took  the 
degrees  of  Masonry,  and  was  raised  a  Master  Mason 
at  St.  Andrew's  Lodge  of  Boston  on  September  10, 
1761.  This  lodge  united  with  two  lodges  belonging 
to  the  British  regiments  of  Boston  in  sending  a  peti- 
tion to  Scotland  for  a  Grand  Lodge ;  and  in  the 
Boston  Gazette  of  January  1,  1770,  is  this  article: 

"  By  virtue  of  a  commission  lately  received  from 
the  Honorable  and  Most  Worshipful  the  Earl  of 
Dalhousie,  Grand  Master  of  Ancient  Free  and 
Accepted  Masons  in  Scotland,  on  Wednesday  was 
solemnized  at  a  Grand  Lodge  of  A.  F.  &  A.  M.,  in 
this  town,  held  at   Masons'  Hall,  the    installation  of 

(100) 


the  Most  Worshipful  Joseph  Warren,  Esq.,  Provincial 
Grand  Master  of  A.  F.  &  A.  M.  in  North  America. 
On  the  occasion  there  was  an  eloquent  oration,  and 
after  the  installment  there  was  a  grand  entertain- 
ment." 

It  is  interesting  to  know  how  he  loved  the  people 
and  stood  shoulder  to  shoulder  with  them,  helping 
in  the  unity  of  his  fellows  by  every  means  in  his 
power.  Up  into  his  early  manhood  —  as  physician, 
as  patriot,  and  as  friend  —  he  strove  to  gain  an  influ- 
ence for  good. 

His  first  public  appearance  was  at  the  celebration 
of  the  second  anniversary  of  the  Boston  Massacre, 
when  he  delivered  the  address  that  Samuel  Adams 
had  refused  to  give.  Here  he  won  the  love  and 
confidence  of  the  people  by  his  matchless  eloquence 
and  the  heart  he  put  into  it. 

Three  years  later  he  was  made  the  orator  at  the 
great  meeting  held  in  the  Old  South  Church,  of 
which  Mr.  Putnam  has  spoken  so  eloquently  and 
exhaustively  this  morning.  But,  leading  up  to  this, 
he  had  been  made  a  member  (in  1772)  of  the 
Committee  of  Correspondence  to  the  Massachusetts 
Towns ;  and  later,  a  delegate  to  the  Suffolk  County 
Convention,  to  prevent  the  fortifying  of  Boston  Neck 
by  Governor  Gage ;  and  he  was  chairman  of  the 
committee  that  sent  the  Governor  two  papers  of 
protest  —  which  papers  General  Warren  wrote. 

In  1774  he  was   made   delegate   to   the  Massachu- 

(101) 


setts  Congress,  and  was  elected  President  of  it,  and 
also  chairman  of  the  Committee  of  Thirteen  of  Public 
Safety ;  so  he  was  really  the  head  of  the  new  State. 

All  this  brought  him  the  honor  and  the  danger  of 
his  famous  speech  of  March  6,  1775,  in  the  Old 
South  Church.  (Here  was  recited  the  story  of  the 
ladder  at  the  window,  the  surprise  of  the  red-coats  who 
were  to  prevent  his  speaking;  and  some  reminis- 
cences of  the  Old  South  Church  of  the  speaker's 
boyhood,  when  Dr.  Jenks  was  still  in  its  pulpit.) 

So  he  consolidated  the  people  and  helped  them  to 
be  strong  for  the  coming  conflict.  Writing  to  Josiah 
Quincy  at  this  time,  he  says  of  the  Provisional  Con- 
gress, of  which  he  was  president :  "  You  would  have 
thought  yourself  in  an  assembly  of  Spartans  or 
Ancient  Romans  had  you  been  a  witness  to  the 
ardor  which  inspired  those  who  spoke  on  the  impor- 
tant business  they  were  transacting." 

The  author  of  a  poem  of  1775,  called  "An  Eulo- 
gium,"  has  this  of  Warren  as  President  of  the  Pro- 
visional Congress : 

"  Warren  serene  amidst  the  storm  appears, 
Inspired  by  Heaven  to  hush  the  gloomy  fears 
Of  sad  Columbia,  frightened  by  the  sound 
Of  roaring  waters  and  tempestuous  wind  ; 
Undaunted  on  the  rolling  deck  he  stood 
And  steered  Bostonia  in  the  raging  flood." 

Finding  that  the  British  were  going  to  Concord  to 
destroy    our     ammunition,     Warren    dispatched    Col. 

(102) 


Paul  Revere  to  Lexington,  and  rode  all  night  himself, 
to  rouse  the  people.  Both  narrowly  escaped  capture ; 
and  Paul  Revere,  riding  through  Charlestown,  came 
upon  a  squad  of  British,  but  dashed  through  them  and 
rode  on,  followed  by  a  hail  of  bullets,  but  preserved 
by  the  God  of  our  battles.  Enough  were  roused  to 
check,  at  Lexington,  the  advance  of  the  British  — 
our  men  led  by  Warren  after  his  all-night  ride  —  but 
in  the  engagement  eight  men  were  killed  and  seven 
wounded.  Yet  the  red-coats  pushed  on  to  Concord 
and  destroyed  sixty  barrels  of  flour.  They  were  driven 
back  to  Lexington;  and  thence  on  were  harried  by 
our  men  all  the  way  to  Charlestown,  with  the  loss 
of  many  men  killed  and  wounded  and  prisoners. 

General  Warren,  while  pressing  them  on,  had  a  lock 
of  hair  from  just  above  his  ear  cut  away  by  a  musket 
ball.  When  his  mother  heard  of  this  narrow  escape 
she  besought  him  to  caution,  as  his  life  was  more 
valuable  to  his  land  and  his  power  greater  in  Con- 
gress than  in  the  army.  He  replied :  "  Wherever 
danger  is,  dear  mother,  there  must  your  son  be. 
Now  is  no  time  for  one  of  America's  children  to 
shrink.  I  will  either  see  my  country  free,  or  shed 
my  blood  to  make  her  so. " 

A  pleasant  relationship  seems  to  have  existed  with 
the  red-coat  officers,  in  spite  of  the  war  whose 
mutterings  were  heard  so  often.  So  true,  and  strange 
as  true,  it  is  that  war  is  a  national  function  that 
does  not  necessarily   involve  the  hate  of    individuals. 

(103) 


After  the  Battle  of  Lexington  an  exchange  of 
prisoners  was  made.  General  Warren,  as  President 
of  Congress,  and  General  Putnam,  escorted  by  two 
companies  of  Massachusetts  soldiers,  conducted  the 
exchans:e,  and  afterwards  entertained  the  British 
ofhcers  as  their  guests  at  a  dinner,  Avith  exchange  of 
toasts  and  expressions  of  mutual  esteem. 

On  the  14th  of  June,  following  this,  Dr.  Warren, 
having  refused  a  commission  as  Surgeon-General, 
was  made  Major-General  of  American  forces  in 
Massachusetts.  His  combined  gentleness  and  decision 
gave  him  an  unbounded  influence  over  the  soldiers 
—  so  true  is  it  that  real  gratitude  and  a  genuine 
strength  always  makes  one  gentle. 

We  come  now  to  the  climax  in  the  events  of 
Massachusetts  and  in  the  life  of  General  Warren. 
It  is  the  story  of  the  meeting  of  the  trained  and 
disciplined  soldiers  of  Great  Britain  and  the  farmers 
and  mechanics  and  students  of  the  Colonies,  whose 
only  preparation  for  battle  was  patriotism  and  an 
unflinching  love  for  liberty  based  on  justice. 

The  British  troops  occupied  Boston  and  were  con- 
fined there,  while  our  men  held  the  hills  about  the 
city.  On  the  15th  of  June  the  Committee  of  Safety 
voted  to  fortify  Bunker  Hill  and  Dorchester  Heights, 
and  Warren  entered  upon  the  work  —  though  it  was 
over  his  protest. 

The  story  of  the  secret  march  of  our  men  from 
Cambridge  is    thrilling,  and    on    the    18th    of    June, 

(104) 


when  they  purposed  the  capture  of  Charlestown  and 
Bunker  Hill,  the  British  were  thunderstruck  to  find 
the  latter  (really  Breed's  Hill)  fortified  and  occupied 
by  the  American  forces.  But  they  opened  fire  and 
killed  one  man.  Our  men  were  tired  and  hungry,  and 
had  had  but  little  rest  from  their  march  and  the  labor 
of  throwing  up  breastworks.     The  British  were  fresh. 

(A  brief  description  was  given  of  the  arms  of  those 
days,  of  our  War  of  the  Rebellion,  and  of  now.) 

General  Warren,  as  President  of  Congress,  had  been 
at  Watertown  attending  a  session ;  but  as  soon  as  he 
could,  in  spite  of  the  protests  of  his  friends,  who  felt 
he  was  more  important  as  a  statesman,  he  joined  the 
forces  in  Charlestown.  "I  cannot  help  it,"  he  said; 
"  I  must  share  the  fate  of  my  countrymen.  I  should 
die  to  be  away  when  my  fellows  are  dying  for  country." 

Five  thousand  British  troops  under  General  Howe 
attacked  our  worn-out  men.  General  Warren,  against 
the  protest  of  General  Putnam  and  Colonel  Prescott  — 
he  the  Major-General  of  Massachusetts  forces  —  refused 
the  command  of  troops  and  went  into  the  fight  as  a 
volunteer,  only  seeking  the  most  exposed  place. 
General  Putnam  said  to  the  men,  "  Powder  must  not 
be  wasted.  See  the  whites  of  their  eyes,  and  aim  at 
their  waistbands  and  at  the  officers.  You  are  all 
good  shots ;  shoot  to  hit,  men."  Three  lines  of  British 
were  destroyed,  one  after  the  other,  and  they  retreated. 

More  than  one  thousand  British  had  fallen  under 
the    galling    fire  of    our    American    guns,  but    they 

(105) 


rallied  again  to  find  that  our  men  were  out  of 
ammunition.  Then  came  a  strange  kind  of  warfare. 
Our  men  cluljbed  their  muskets  and  fought  with 
stones  from  their  redoubts;  but  it  was  of  no  use. 
Haggard  with  fatigue  and  liunger  and  lack  of  sleep, 
they  fell  back. 

General  Warren  was  behind  his  men  in  their 
retreat.  He  fought  like  a  hero  with  his  sword. 
Slowly,  and  fighting  every  step,  he  fell  back  with 
his  men.  Major  Small  of  the  British  army,  to  whom 
General  AVarren  had  once  been  a  savior,  called  out  to 
him  to  surrender  for  a  refuge,  and  at  the  same 
time  ordered  his  men  to  cease  firing;  but  it  was 
too  late.  A  ball  went  through  General  Warren's 
head,  killing  him  instantly.  He  fell  in  his  young 
manhood  —  only  thirty-four  years  old. 

When  General  Howe  was  told  that  General  Warren 
was  dead,  he  said  it  was  the  offset  of  five  hundred 
men ! 

The  skilled  physician  attended  the  birth  of  the  new 
Republic,  little  dreaming  what  a  giant  was  to  grow  of 
this  child.  As  Grand  Master  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
Masons  in  the  United  Colonies,  he  helped  lay  the 
corner-stone  of  the  greatest  Republic  of  the  world; 
and  so  firmly  was  it  cemented  in  patriotic  blood 
that  it  has  withstood  the  shock  of  internecine  war 
and  has  survived  to  grow  so  powerful  that  all  the 
world  looks  to  it  as  the  harbinger  of  liberty  for  all 
the  nations  of  the  earth. 

(106) 


ADDRESS 

By   the  Rev.    Edward    Everett    Hale,   D.D 


In  his  address,  Dr.  Hale  said  that  he  had  often 
said  the  people  of  this  generation  were  deficient  in 
interest  in  their  own  history.  Not  long  ago  he  had 
said  in  jDublic  that  the  people  of  Boston  did  not 
prize  their  own  heroes  as  they  should,  and  he  had 
named  Warren  among  those  heroes.  But  that  he 
felt  sure  that  by  noon  to-morrow  every  man  and 
every  boy  in  Roxbury  would  know  that  a  truly 
great  man  died  at  Bunker  Hill.  And  they  would 
know  that  this  was  a  Roxbury  man.  He  hoped  they 
would  know  where  he  lived.  He  repeated  from  Daniel 
Webster's  oration,  when  the  corner-stone  of  Bunker 
Hill  Monument  was  laid,  this  tribute  to  Warren, 
reminding  his  hearers  that  Daniel  Webster  was  not 
a  man  who  in  any  stress  of  rhetoric  went  beyond 
the  truth : 

"  But  —  ah  —  Him  !  the  first  great  Martyr  in 
this  great  cause  !  Him !  the  premature  victim  of  his 
own    self-devoting    heart !     Him !    the    head    of    our 

(107) 


civil  councils,  and  the  destined  leader  of  our  mili- 
tary bands ;  whom  nothing  brought  hither  but  the 
unquenchable  fire  of  his  own  s})irit;  Him!  cut  off 
b}^  Providence,  in  the  hour  of  overwhelming  anxiety 
and  thick  gloom ;  falling,  ere  he  saw  the  star  of  his 
country  rise;  pouring  out  his  generous  blood,  like 
water,  before  he  knew  whether  it  would  fertilize  a 
land  of  freedom  or  of  bondage !  how  shall  I  struggle 
with  the  emotions  that  stifle  the  utterance  of  thy 
name !  Our  poor  work  may  perish ;  but  thine  shall 
endure !  This  monument  may  moulder  away ;  the 
solid  ground  it  rests  upon  may  sink  down  to  a  level 
with  the  sea ;  but  thy  memory  shall  not  fail ! 
Wheresoever  among  men  a  heart  shall  be  found 
that  beats  to  the  transports  of  patriotism  and  liberty, 
its  aspirations  shall  be  to  claim  kindred  with  thy 
spirit!" 

Mr.  Hale  referred  to  the  early  age  at  which  some 
of  the  most  distinguished  heroes  of  the  Revolution 
acquired  fame.  Hamilton  attracted  Washington's 
attention  when  he  was  eighteen.  Lafayette  was 
wounded  at  Brandy  wine  before  he  was  twenty-one. 
Washington,  who  was  almost  venerated  by  the  mem- 
bers of  his  stalf  for  his  long  experience,  was  forty- 
three  when  he  took  the  command  of  the  army. 
Warren  was  thirty-four  when  he  was  killed.  We 
ought  to  be  careful,  in  what  we  call  our  more  ad- 
vanced civilization  of  to-day,  to  remind  all  boys  at 
our  schools  that  the  world  may  pivot  on  them  when 
they  are  as  young  as  these  men  were,  and  the    boys 

(108) 


ought  to  be  glad  that  they  live  in  a  country  which 
throws  such  responsibility  upon  young  men. 

Warren  delivered  two  of  the  addresses  on  the 
anniversary  of  the  Boston  Massacre.  The  town  of 
Boston  maintained  a  series  in  these  orations  on  or 
near  the  fifth  of  March  from  1771  till  in  1783  the 
orations  on  Independence  Day  were  substituted  in 
the  beginning  of  the  series  which  has  been  main- 
tained till  this  time.  Warren  delivered  the  address 
in  1772  and  again  in  1775.  You  have  been  told 
how  his  entrance  to  the  Old  South  Meeting  House 
was  obstructed,  so  that  he  entered  through  the  win- 
dow into  the  pulpit.  The  stairs  of  the  pulpit  were 
crowded  with  English  officers.  As  Warren  spoke 
one  of  them  held  out  a  handful  of  bullets,  and 
Warren  with  perfect  presence  of  mind  dropped  his 
white  handkerchief  over  the  hand  which  was  guilty 
of  such  rudeness.  It  was  only  six  weeks  later  that 
Warren  was  giving  his  directions  to  Dawes  and 
Revere  for  their  midnight  ride  to  Concord,  and  was 
himself  on  the  field  in  the  day  of  Lexington.  Nor 
was  he  unconscious  that  this  future  was  so  near. 

"  Pardon  me,  my  fellow-citizens ;  I  know  you  need 
not  zeal  or  fortitude.  You  will  maintain  your  rights 
or  perish  in  the  generous  struggle.  However  difficult 
the  combat,  you  never  will  decline  it  when  freedom 
is  the  prize.  An  independence  on  Great  Britain  is 
not  our  aim.  No ;  our  wish  is  that  Britain  and  the 
Colonies  may,  like  oak  and  the  ivy,  grow  and  increase 

(109) 


in  strength  together But,  if  these  pacific 

measures  are  ineffectual,  and  it  appears  that  the  only 
way  to  safety  is  through  fields  of  blood,  I  know  you 
will  not  turn  your  faces  from  your  foes,  but  will, 
undauntedly,  press  forward,  till  tyranny  is  trodden 
under  foot  and  you  have  fixed  your  adored  Goddess 
of  Liberty  fast  by  a  Brunswick's  side  on  an  American 
throne." 

Mr.  Hale  said  he  read  these  words  from  the  original 
edition  of  Warren's  addresses.  "  This  volume,"  he 
said,  "  I  will  give  as  the  first  gift  to  the  proposed 
museum  of  Revolutionary  and  other  historical  relics, 
which  we  ought  to  establish  in  Koxbury.  For  we 
ought  to  make  use  of  the  historic  old  house  in  Eliot 
square,  which  was  General  Thomas'  headquarters 
during  the  siege  of  Boston,  as  a  museum,  and  it  is  now 
hoped  that  steps  will  be  taken  to  preserve  the  old 
mansion,  which  is  now  falling  into  decay. 

"  The  bullet  with  which  Warren  was  killed  is  still  in 
existence.  It  is  now  in  a  household  in  a  neighbor- 
ing city.  It  should  be  secured,  for  presentation,  as  a 
second  gift  to  the  museum  in  the  Thomas  house." 


(110) 


TUB  WAKRHN    UOilJibTEAU. 


